Ubutumwa bwiza bwa Yesu uko bwanditswe na Luka ni igitabo cya gatatu mu bitabo bine bivuga inkuru y’ubuzima bwa Yesu. Iki gitabo kitubwira ivuka rya Yesu, umurimo w’ivugabutumwa yakoze, gupfa kwe, kuzuka no kujya mu ijuru.
Igitabo cya Luka ni cyo gitabo kirekire mu bitabo byose byo mu isezerano rishya. Hamwe n’igitabo cy’Ibyakozwe bikora umuzingo w’ibitabo bibiri byanditswe na Luka.
Igitabo cya Luka gifatwa nk’igitabo cyiza kandi gisobanutse kurusha ibindi byose byabayeho kuko cyandikanywe ubuhanga Iki gitabo kivuga ubuzima bwose bwa Yesu, inyigisho ze, gucungurwa na we, n’ubuzima bw’abagendananye nawe. Hamwe n’igitabo cy’Ibyakozwe, byose bihuje umwanditsi ni byo bitabo byonyine bivuga mu buryo burambuye ubuzima bw’intumwa n’uko itorero rya mbere ryari ribayeho kurusha ibindi bitabo byose. Ni yo mpamvu Luka ariwe wanditse amapaji menshi mu isezerano rishya kuruta undi wese, niba Abaheburayo koko bataranditswe na Pawulo.
Imyandikire y’iki gitabo ifatwa nk’imwe mu zisumba izindi z’ibitabo byo mu isezereno rishya. Kuko uruhererekane rw’inkuru zirimo, isoko y’ibyanditswemo igizwe n’impande zitandukanye bigaragaza ko iki gitabo atari inkuru zitandukanye zahujwe mu buryo budafite umurongo. Bigaragara ko uwabikoze ari umuhanga kandi ari umuntu wari usobanutse kandi ufite ubumenyi n’ubuhanga bwo guhuza amakuru avuye mu mpande zitandukanye. Hatitawe kuba isoko y’amakuru umwanditsi yakoresheje ari amagambo (oral tradition) cyangwa imyandiko (written tradition) bigaragara ko umwanditsi yafashe n’umwanya we arabikusanya neza, anabyandika mu buryo bwe kandi busobanutse byatumye abasha kwandika inkuru y’imvaho kandi itomoye (Luka 1:1-4)
Umwanditsi w’igitabo
Izina ry’umwanditsi nta hantu na hamwe rigaragazwa mu gitabo ariko bidashidikanwaho ibihamya byerekana ko iki gi gitabo cyanditswe na Luka. Imyandikire y’iki gitabo hamwe n’Ibyakozwe bigaragaza ko byanditswe n’umuntu umwe, kandi byandikiwe umuntu umwe ari we Tewofilo.
Ikinyazina ngenga ya mbere y’ubwinshi “twe”, “du”, “twebwe”, “tu” bigaruka inshuro cyane mu gitabo cy’Ibyakozwe. (Ibyakozwe 16:10-17; Ibyakozwe 20:5-15; Ibyakozwe 21:1-18; Ibyakozwe 27:1; Ibyakozwe 28:16). Ibi bigaragaza ko umwanditsi w’igitabo yari umuntu wagendanaga na Pawulo igihe ibyanditswe mu bice byavuzwe hejuru byabaga (Ibyakozwe 20:4-5). Uyu murongo ukura abavuzwe muri uwo murongo mu rutonde rwa’bashobora kuba abanditsi b’iki gitabo. Silasi nawe wagendanaga na Pawulo ntabwo yahura n’imirongo yose yo muri iki gitabo igaragaza ko uwacyanditse yari kumwe na Pawulo.
Mu bantu bose bagendanaga na Pawulo icyo gihe uhabwa amahirwe menshi yo kwandika iki gitabo ni Luka umuvuzi ukundwa (Abakolosayi 4:14 ) akaba na mugenzi we mu murimo (Filemoni 24)
Inyandiko z’abakirisito ba mbere harimo iyitwa Muratorian ivuga ko ari Luka wacyanditse. Mu nyandiko z’abahanga mu bya Tewologiya n’abashumba b’itorero bo mu kinyejana cya mbere n’icya kabiri nka Irenaeus, Clement wa Alexandria, Tertullian n’abandi zihamya neza ko iki gitabo ari Luka wacyanditse.
Luka yari muntu ki?
Nk’uko bigaragara mu Abakolosayi 4:14, Luka yari umuvuzi Pawulo yakundaga. Yari inshuti ye kandi akaba umufasha we mu murimo. Luka ntabwo yari umuyuda cyangwa umwisirayeli ariko uko yahindutse akakira agakiza iyo nkuru nta hantu izwi. Yamaze igihe kinini aba muri Antiyokiya, nyuma yaho ajya kuvuga ubutumwa bwiza i Filipi. Luka ari mu bantu babanye na Pawulo mu buzima bwose bw’ivugabutumwa batigeze bamutererana (1 Timoteyo 4:11)
Umwandiko w’amagambo y’urwibutso wanditswe nyuma y’urupfu rwe ugira uti:
“yakoreye Imana nta bimurangaza, nta mugore yashatse cyangwa umwana yabyaye. Yapfuye afite imyaka 84, apfira muri Boeotia, Greece yuzuye umwuka wera”
Izina rya “Luka” cyangwa se “Lucas” ni izina rigaragaza neza ko yavukaga mu bice byari biyobowe n’ubwami bw’abaromani.
Uwitwa Hobart yanditse igitabo cy’amapaji arenga magana atatu avuga ku nyito n’amagambo ya kiganga cyangwa akoreshwa mu buvuzi (medical terms) yakoreshejwe na Luka. Yasanze Luka ariwe wenyine mu isezerano rishya warakoresheje amagambo ya kiganga (medical terms) arenga magana ane (400). Kandi ayo magambo yakoresheje uyasanga no mu bindi bitabo by’ubuvuzi. Gukoresha inyunguramagambo yo mu buvuzi si byo byonyine bigaragaza ko yari umuganga (Physician), ahubwo buryo ki mu nyandiko ze hagaragaramo cyane ibitangaza byo gukiza indwara, ubusesenguzi ku ndwara byemeza neza ko umwanditsi yari umuganga, bikaba igihamya cyiza ko ari Luka kuko nta wundi muganga wagendanaga na Pawulo.
Kuba umuganga w’inzobere, wize neza kandi bihagije, nibyo byatumye yandika ibitabo biteguye neza nka Luka n’Ibyakozwe n’intumwa.
Tewofilo yari muntu ki?
Izina rye risobanura ngo “inshuti y’Imana”. Ni we ibitabo byombi byandikiwe. Umwirondoro we nta hantu ugaragazwa byeruye, bitera benshi gutekereza ko iri zina “inshuti y’Imana” ryari rihagarariye abakiristo bose.
Luka 1:3, harimo ijambo “mwiza rwose” mu rurimi rw’icyongereza ni “most excellent”. Bigaragaza ko uwandikirwaga yari umuntu wo mu itorero ariko wari no mu myanya yo hejuru y’ubuyobozi mu bya politiki. Niba ibyo ari ukuri, iri zina ryaba ryarakoreshejwe mu guhisha umwirindoro we. Ikindi gishoboka ni uko Tewofilo yari adakijijwe, Luka akamwandikira kugira ngo abashe kumuhindura.
Iki gitabo cyanditswe ryari? Cyandikiwe he?
Mu nkuru zose zivuga kuri iyi ngingo, inkuru ivuga ko iki gitabo cyaba cyaranditswe mu myaka ya za 60 A.D, ihabwa agaciro kuruta izindi kuko iyo myaka ijyana neza n’ibyanditse mu bitabo byombi umwanditsi yanditse. Luka ashobora kuba yaranditse iki gitabo igihe Pawulo yashyirwaga mu nzu y’imbohe bwa mbere i Roma, igihe bari bafite umwanya wo kwicara bakandika. Mu kureba igihe igitabo cyandikiwe hakifashishwa n’igihe ibindi bitabo byandikiwe. Bizwi neza ko Mariko ari cyo gitabo cyanditswe mbere mu gihe Yohana ari cyo gitabo cyanditswe nyuma. Bigaragara ko Matayo na Luka ari ibitabo byanditswe mu gihe kijya gusa.
Isoko umwanditsi yakuyemo amakuru
Hari inkuru mvugo za kera zitandukanye (oral traditions) zakozwe ku buzima bwa Yesu hano ku isi. Abenshi bahamya ko izo nkuru zakozwe mo inkuru nyandiko (written traditions) zabanjirije iyandikwa ry’ibitabo by’ubutumwa bwiza.
Inkuru nyandiko (written traditions) zizwi neza zakozwe ni enye (4); igitabo cya Mariko (wanditse abwirijwe n’umwuka), iyitwa Q (yandikiwe muri Antiyokiya), iyitwa M (yandikiwe i Yerusalemu)n’ iyitwa L ( yandikiwe i Kayisariya). Izo nyandiko hamwe n’inkuru mvugo ni zo zabaye isoko y’aho abanditsi bakuraga amakuru bandika ibitabo by’ubutumwa bwiza. Ibirenga mirongo irindwi ku ijana by’ibiri mu gitabo cya Mariko ubisanga muri Matayo. Ibirenga mirongo itanu ku ijana by’ibiri mu gitabo cya Mariko biboneka muri Luka. Ariko hari inkuru nyinshi zihurirwaho na Luka na Matayo bivuze ko hari isoko imwe y’amakuru bahuriraho cyane.
Mariko yakoresheje inyandiko Q, ibyo amaso ye yiboneye n’inkuru nyandiko zose (written tradtions). Matayo yakoresheje Mariko, Q na M hamwe n’ibyo amaso ye yiboneye. Luka yakoresheje Mariko, Q na L. Yohana we yifashishije ibyanditse muri Luka hamwe n’ibyo amaso ye yiboneye.
Niyo mpamvu uzasanga ibirenga mirongo irindwi ku ijana by’ibiri mu gitabo cya Mariko biri muri Matayo na ho ibirenga mirongo ine ku ijana by’ibiri mu gitabo cya Mariko biri mu gitabo cya Luka. Kuba Luka yarakoresheje inyandiko Q (yo muri Antiyokiya) na L (yandikiwe i Kayisariya), bikuraho urujijo rw’impamvu yakoresheje ururimi rw’ikigereki yandika. Luka afatwa nk’umunyamateka gusa uburyo yanditsemo ibitabo bye, byari mu buryo bwa Tewologiya kuruta ko yanditse agendereye kwandika amateka y’ibyabaye gusa. Bituma benshi bamufata nka se wa Tewologiya abandi bakamufata nk’umunyamateka mu by’iyobokamana wabayeho bwa mbere.
Imiterere y’igitabo nibikigize
- Inkuru zo mu buto (Yesu na Yohana): Luka 1 kugeza Luka 2
- Umurimo w’ivugabutumwa rya Yohana : Luka 3:1-20
- Yesu mu gihe yari i Galilaya: Luka 3:21 kugeza Luka 9:50
- Yesu mu gihe yari i Yerusalemu: Luka 19:45 kugeza Luka 21:38
- Gupfira ku musaraba: Luka 22:1 kugeza Luka 23:46
- Kuzuka : Luka 24
Mu buryo bwihariye iki gitabo gisobanura neza Yesu nk’umucunguzi waje gushaka no gucungura intama zazimiye. Iki gitabo cyose intego yacyo nyamukuru ni
“kandi umwana w’umuntu yazanywe no gushaka no gukiza icyari cyazimiye.” Luka 19:10
Ubishaka wagabanya igitabo cya Luka mo ibice bitatu (1) ibyabereye i Galilaya n’uduce tuhakikije (Luka 4:14 kugeza Luka 9:50), (2) ibyabereye i Yudaya n’i Pereya (Luka 9:51 kugeza Luka 19:27), (3) n’ibyabaye mu cyumweru cya nyuma cy’ubuzima bwa Yesu i Yerusalemu (Luka 19:28 kugeza Luka 24:53).
Umwihariko wa Luka ni ukuntu yibanze cyane ku bikorwa byabereye i Yudaya n’i Pereya. Nk’uko bizwi Yesu yakundaga kwigishiriza mu migani. Imigani ya Yesu makumyabiri n’umunani (28) iboneka mu gitabo cya Luka, makumyabiri n’umwe iboneka muri icyo gice (Luka 9:51 kugeza Luka 19:27). Mu bitangaza bya Yesu makumyabiri biboneka muri iki gitabo bitanu muri byo biboneka muri iki gice (Luka 9:51 kugeza Luka 19:27).
Intego nyamukuru
Luka yanditse iki gitabo afite intego yo kwerekana ko agakiza Yesu yazanye ari ak’abantu bose atarobanuye. Ubutumwa bwa Luka kwari ukwerekana ko yapfiriye abantu bose. (1) yerekanye ko Yesu yapfiriye n’abanyamahanga (Luka 1:1-4). (2) yavuze inkomoko ya Yesu ahereye kuri Adamu kugira ngo yerekane ko agakiza ari aka bose bavutse kuri Adamu. Ntiyahereye kuri Aburahamu sekuruza w’abayuda (Luka 3:23-37). (3) mu gitabo cya Luka niho tubona ikibwiriza Yesu yatanze mu mujyi yavukiyemo witwa Nazareti. Iki kibwiriza cyahamyaga ko agakiza k’abanyamahanga n’amahirwe menshi yanzwe n’abayuda agahabwa abanyamahanga n’abandi basaga nk’ibicibwa (Luka 4:14-30)
Luka yavukaga mu ruhande rutari rukwiye (ntiyari umu isirayeli) ukurikije ibyo amategeko y’abayuda yavugaga ariko Imana yamukoresheje mu buryo butangaje. Mu bitabo byose biboneka muri Bibiliya, ibitabo bibiri (2) ni byo byanditse n’umuntu utari umu isirayeli kandi byose byanditswe na Luka. Imwe mu mirongo yo mu isezerano rya kera yakoresheje yayikuye muri Bibiliya yitwa “Septuagint” iyi akaba ari Bibiliya y’ikigereki yahinduwe ikuwe muri Bibiliya y’igiheburayo.
(4) muri iki gitabo tubona mo uko Yesu yatekerezaga abantu b’i Samariya kandi Samariya nabo bari abanzi b’abayuda ndetse bafatwa nk’abanyamahanga ndetse n’ibicibwa: ab’i Samariya banga kumucumbikira (Luka 9:51-55); inkuru y’umusamariya mwiza (Luka 10:30-37; akiza ababembe cumi (Luka 17:11-19).
Ab’i Samariya, ababembe n’abanyahanga bari abantu bari ibicibwa muri Isirayeli ariko muri iki gitabo tubona mo ingero zitandukanye aho Yesu yabahaga agaciro kangana n’akabandi bose.
(5) mu gitabo cya Luka tubonamo uko Yesu mu ivugabutumwa rye ko abagore barigizemo uruhare ndetse rw’agaciro. Ibi bigaragaza uko agakiza ka Yesu katarabonura ku butoni, kadatsikamira bamwe kandi ari aka buri wese. (Luka 8:1-3; Luka 10:38-42; Luka 18:1-7; Luka 21:1-4; Luka 23:27-31; Luka 24:1; Luka 24:10)
Abagore bafashaga Yesu (Luka 8:1-3)
Ubutumwa bwiza bwa Yesu uko bwanditswe na Luka ni igitabo gihesha agaciro abagore. Mu muco wa kiyuda, abagore bahabwaga agaciro gake cyane, mu Bugiriki byari uko hamwe no mu muco w’abaromani byari uko. Ariko Luka yanditse byinshi ku bagore bagize umumaro mu murimo. Abo ni nka ; Mariya nyina wa Yesu, Mariya na Marita b’i Betaniya na Mariya Magadalena.
Bamwe bavuga ko yaba yarakuriye i Masedoniya (Macedonia), agace abagore bahabwaga agaciro kuruta ahandi hose mu bwami bwa’abaromani.
Uretse izo ngingo zavuzwe hejuru hari ubundi butumwa butandukanye ushobora gusanga mu gitabo cya Luka. Urugero
- Imana yakoresheje abantu batandukanye ngo imenyeshe abantu Yesu (malayika Gabuliyeli: Luka 1:26, Kayisari Awugusito: Luka 2:1 kugeza Luka 2:4; abashumba: Luka 2:8; Simiyoni: Luka 2:25; umuhanuzikazi witwaga Ana: Luka 2:36).
- umwanya n’inshingano y’ingenzi Yesu afite mu bwami bw’Imana (Luka 1:32-33; Luka 4:20; Luka 7:14-15; Luka 9:34-36; Luka 20:24-38).
- kuba umwigishwa hari icyo bisaba ; (i) guhamya: Luka 5:10 (ii) kugira impuhwe: Luka 13:19 (iii) gushima Luka 44:47
- gusenga ni ingenzi cyane mu buzima bw’umukiristo (Luka 3:21; Luka 6:12; Luka 11:1; Luka 18:1)
- Ubushake bw’Imana ni ukubabarira abanyabyaha (Luka 15:1-32)
- ubutunzi bw’isi nta kamaro. Bugira akamaro iyo bukoreshwa mu buryo buvuga ubutumwa ku bandi (Luka 12:21; Luka 16:9, Luka 16:20; Luka 18:22)
- abategetsi b’abana b’abantu barwanya ubushake bw’imana ariko ntibabutsinda.( Luka 5:21; Luka 6:2; Luka 11:45; Luka 12:2, Luka 14:1)
Igitabo cyandikiwe bande?
Iki ni igitabo cyanditswe n’umunyamahanga cyandikirwa abanyamahanga. Nk’ikindi gitabo cyose cy’ubutumwa, ni igitabo cyanditswe ngo gishyigikire ukwizera kw’abakiristo, kigaragaze umurimo wa Yesu ku isi, urupfu no kuzuka bye.
Ibiri mu gitabo cya Luka utasanga ahandi
Mu gitabo dusangamo inkuru nyinshi zo mu bwana za Yesu utabona ahandi; ibarura ry’abaturage ryakozwe na Kayisari Awugusito, urugendo rwo kujya i Betelehemu, kuvuka kwa Yesu, abashumba baza kumuramya, amagambo ya Simiyoni, Yesu asigara i Yerusalemu yigishiriza mu rusengero afite imyaka cumi n’ibiri (12). Muri Luka ni ho honyine tubona inkuru y’ijyanwa mu ijuru rya Yesu nyuma y’iminsi mirongob ine azutse. Imigani ibiri ariyo Umusariya mwiza n’uwu mwana w’ikirara nayo igaragara muri Luka gusa.
Ibyo twifashishije twandika inkuru
- “Gospel according to Luke”. Encyclopedias Britannica
- The bible. Bibiliya yera, 1993
- Bibiliya Yera, igitabo cya Luka,
- “Gospel of Luke”. Encyclopedia of the Bible. Biblegateway.com
- Hill, Daniel. The Gospel of Luke. Tulsa, Oklahoma , Southwood Bible church.
- All about Jesus Christ. Major themes in the Gospel of Luke https://www.allaboutjesuschrist.org/major-themes-in-the-gospel-of-luke-faq.htm
- Biblestudytools. book of Luke. Biblestudytools.com https://www.biblestudytools.com/luke/
- Renan, Les Evangiles,p.283
Umugenzi ujya mu ijuru.
"We believers, we're Princes of heaven"
