Iki ni kimwe mu bibazo byibazwa kurusha ibindi ku isi. N’ubwo abahanga mu bijyanye na Bibiliya bafatanyije n’abanyamateka batandukanye bakibaza byinshi ku bigendanye no kuvanwa mu Misiri nk’uko bivugwa na Bibiliya, benshi muri bo bemeza ko ari igikorwa cyabaye mu buryo bumwe cyangwa se ubundi. Ikibazo cyari iki ngo “mbese iyimuka Misiri ryabayeho koko?” cyaje gusimburwa n’ikigira kiti “Ni ryari iyimuka Misiri ryabereye?”. Iki rero cyabaye ikindi kibazo gikomeye kandi cyakomeje kugarukwaho kenshi. N’ubwo hari byinshi byavuzwe kuri ibi bibazo, abantu benshi mu bagerageje kubigarukaho bari mu byiciro bibiri: hari abavuga ko hagati y’ibinyejana bya cumi na gatanu na cumi na gatandatu mbere ya Kristo cyaba aricyo gihe iyimuka Misiri ryabereye, abandi bakavuga ko iki gikorwa cyabaye mu kinyejana cya 13 mbere ya Kristo. Mureke turebe igihe ndetse na bimwe mu bintu birusha ibindi kwerekana ko iyimuka Misiri ryabayeho.
Mu nyandiko yitwa “Exodus Evidence” yakorewe ivugurura mu mwaka wa 2016 bongeye kugaruka ku buryo busobanutse ku bibazo bibiri twavuze haruguru. Iyimuka Misiri ryabayeho? Niba ryarabaye ryabaye ryari? Muri iyi nyandiko gihamya yaratanzwe yemeza ko muri rusange ukuvanwa mu Misiri kwabaye mu kinyejana cya 13 mbere ya Kristo. Bakomeje bavuga iki gikorwa cyabaye ku ngoma za 19 z’ubwami bwa Egiputa ariyo Misiri y’iki gihe.
Iyi nyandiko yita cyane ku nyandiko z’abanya Egiputa, amateka ndetse no ku byavumbuwe n’ubusigaratongo bwo mu Misiri byose bikemeza ko Bibiliya ivuga neza neza ibintu by’ukuri nk’uko byabaye mu kinyejana cya 13 mbere ya Kristo. Urugero rwiza rutangwa aha ni amazina y’ahantu 3 havugwa mu nkuru ya Bibiliya, ibi bice byagaragaye ko bihuye neza n’ahantu hari hasanzwe hatuwe mu gihe cya Misiri ya kera.
Bibiliya ivuga ko nk’abacakara, Abisiraheli bategekwaga kubumba amatafari, kubaka amazu atandukanye y’abanyamisiri ndetse no kwita ku midugudu imwe n’imwe. Nyuma y’igihe kinini muri ubu buretwa, Abisiraheli babashije kunyura muri Yam Suph ( ariyo bita inyanja itukura) kandi mu buryo bw’igitangaza amazi yayo yabashije kwitandukanya kugirango bambuke.
Amazina ya Ramses, Pithom na Yam Suph yagiye agarukwaho muri Bibiliya ahura neza n’ibice byo muri Egiputa bya Pi-Ramses, Pi-Atum na (Pa-)Tjuf. Ayo mazina yose uko ari atatu agaragara mu nyandiko za kera cyane zo muri Egiputa. Ijambo rya mbere ryakoreshejwe gusa mu itangira ry’igihe cyo hagati mu bwami bwa Misiri kandi icyo gihe cyatangiye mu mwaka w’1085 mbere ya Kristo. Iri zina ntabwo ryongeye kugaragara kugeza ubu keretse kurisoma muri izo nyandiko za kera.
Ayo mazina bwite y’ahantu habayeho hatakivugwa mu gihe cyacu akaba yaranditswe muri Bibiliya yerekana ko ubwenge no kutibeshya kw’abanditsi ba Bibiliya kwari ukuri kandi ko yanditswe mu gihe cya kera koko. Ibi byose rero byemeza ko ikinyejana cya 13 mbere ya Kristo mu gihe cy’abitwa aba Ramesside ariho iyimuka Misiri ryabaye hashingiwe ku kuvuga ko aribwo amazina ya Pi-Ramesses, Pi-Atum na (Pa-) Tjuf (isobanura Red sea) yakoreshwaga gusa.
Urusengero rw’ibigirwamana byo muri Egiputa rwabonetse ahitwa Western Thebes narwo rwemeza ikinyejana cya 13 nk’igihe cy’iyimukamisiri. Mu mwaka wa 1930, abahanga muby’ubusigaratongo (archeologists) bo muri kaminuza nkuru ya Chicago bagerageje gukora ubushakashatsi ku nzu idasanzwe y’abami babiri banyuma bo mu bwoko bw’aba Farawo aribo Aya na Horemheb .
Iyi nzu mbere yubatswe n’umwami Aya mu kinyejana cya 14 mbere ya Kristo ariko iza kuvugururwa no kongerwa mu bunini na Horemheb ubwo yari ageze ku ngoma kandi yayoboye mu mpera z’ikinyejana cya 14 no mwitangira ry’ikinyejana cya 13 mbere ya Kristo. Horemheb yasibye anakuraho amazina yose y’umwami Aya wamubanjirije, ayasimbuza amazina ye nyuma ku ngoma y’umwami Ramses wa 5 wayoboye mu kinyejana cya 12 urusengero rurasenywa ku buryo bukomeye.
Mu bushakashatsi bwakorewe aha, Kaminuza nkuru ya Chicago baracukumbuye binjira mu nyubako ndetse bakora inyigo ku nzu yari iri hafi aho y’abakozi bari barahawe akazi ko gusenya urusengero. Iyo nzu yari ifite ibyumba bine kandi byubatse nk’uko inzu Abisiraheli babagamo bakiva muri Egiputa zari zimeze. Itandukaniro gusa ryagaragariraga ku kuba iyo nzu yari yubakishije amabuye mugihe iz’Abisiraheli zubakishwaga ibindi bikoresho bitari ibyo. Basobanuye ko iyi nzu yubatswe muri Egiputa mu gihe kimwe n’icyo Abisiraheli barimo bubaka inzu z’ibyumba bine i Kanani. Uguhura mu myubakire kuri izi nzu zombi byatumye bamwe batekereza ko abubatsi b’iyo nzu bari bamwe mu b’Isiraheli cyangwa se inshuti za hafi zabo.
Ikindi kimenyetso gikomeye cyemeza iyimuka Misiri ni Bibiliya ubwayo. Amateka yo gushyirwa mu bucakara nk’uko avugwa na Bibiliya agaragara ko ari ukuri. Inkuru itangaje y’iyimukamisiri ivuga uburyo abantu bakuwe mu bucakara bushishana bwo muri Egiputa, ukurikije amateka yayo, uko ivugwa ndetse n’uburyo yanditse ubwayo, ifite ibihamya byinshi byerekana ko ari ukuri. Inkuru zidasanzwe z’insinzi kandi z’ukuri ku bintu byabaye ni zo zonyine zibasha kwitonderwa zigahererekanwa mu bisekuruza byinshi ntizizime. Amateka avuga iby’ubucakara rero afite ibihamya byose byemeza ko ari ukuri.
None se iyimuka Misiri rivugwa na Bibiliya ni ikinyoma gihimbano cyangwa ni igikorwa koko cyabayeho? Abahanga batandukanye ndetse n’abantu benshi mu myemerere itandukaye bemeza kimwe muri ibi abandi bagafata impu zombi kuri iyi ngingo. Nyamara ubuvumbuzi ku bijyanye n’ubusigaratongo bwavumbuye ko amateka yo kwimuka mu Misiri nk’uko avugwa na Bibiliya ahura na byinshi mu byavumbuwe, ariko umenye ko budashobora kutubwira buri kimwe. Biba bishimishije iyo ibivumburwa n’ubuhanga mu busigaratongo bihura n’ibivugwa na Bibiliya nk’uko twakomeje no kubibona mu ngero twareberaga hamwe kandi ubu noneho ushobora kubona igisubizo kuri biriya bibazo twibazaga. Mu nkuru zitaha tuzakomeza tureba ubundi buvumbuzi bwagiye bukorwa mu bihe bitandukanye ku nkuru zivugwa mu isezerano rya kera
Murakoze
Ibyo twifashishije dugura iyi nkuru:
- Thomas E. levy, Thomas Schneider and William H.C Propp, eds (2015). Israel’s Exodus in Transdisplinary Perspective: Texts, Archeology, culture and geoscience Chicago p 286
- Biblical archaeology society (March 07,2020). The exodus: Fact or fiction?: www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-topics/exodus/exodus-fact-or-fiction
Wellars MVUYEKURE ni umunyeshuri muri Kaminuza y'u Rwanda ishami ry'ubuvuzi n'ubumenyamuntu. Ni umukristo watangiye urugendo rujya mu ijuru, yasomye kandi akurikirira hafi amateka avugwa na Bibiliya. Mwandikire cyangwa umuhamagare kuri 0788745884 niba hari icyo udasobanukiwe.
