Sobanukirwa n’ubutumwa bwiza uko bwanditswe na Yohana n’impamvu yanditse icyo gitabo

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Ubutumwa bwiza uko bwanditswe na Yohana ni igitabo cya kane mu bitabo bigize isezerano rishya. Iki gitabo ntabwo kibarizwa mu bitabo byitwa “synoptic Gospels”. Ni cyo gitabo cyanditswe nyuma mu bitabo byose by’ivanjili cyangwa ibitabo by’ubutumwa bwiza. Imyandikire yacyo igaragaza ko umwanditsi wacyo nta muntu yigeze yishingikirizaho yandika iki gitabo. Ubushakashatsi bugaragaza ko Matayo na Luka bandika bakoresheje ibyanditswe mu gitabo cya Mariko, ariko Yohana we bigaragara ko nta muntu yarebeyeho. Gusa na none bigaragara ko n’ubwo atafashe ibyo bitabo ngo abikoreshe yandika ariko yari azi ibyanditswemo cyangwa abifiteho amakuru. Ni yo mpamvu ushobora gusanga hari inkuru bihuza gusa si nyinshi. Umwanditsi w’iki gitabo yanditse mu buryo bwe kandi azana ingingo zitandukanye n’izo abandi bavuzeho. Umugabo witwa Hayes asobanura ku myandikire y’ibi bitabo, yaravuze ngo “Matayo na Mariko banditse ibitabo by’ubuzima bwa Yesu (autobiography), Luka we yandika amateka y’agakiza n’ubutumwa bwiza (historian), ariko Yohana yandistse  filozofiya y’agakiza cyangwa itorero (a philosophy of religion).

Igitandukanya aba banditsi bose uko ari bane, ni ishusho buri wese yabonagamo Kristo. Matayo yamwanditse nk’Umwami w’abayuda (Messianic King), Mariko yamwanditse nk’umukozi (Servant), Luka yamwanditse nk’Umwana w’umuntu (Son of a man). Mu gihe Yohana yamwanditse nk’umwana w’Imana (Son of God). N’ubwo bimeze gutyo muri bose nta n’umwe wibeshye cyangwa ngo avuguruze undi ahubwo baruzuzanya.

Yohana yibanze cyane mu kugaragaza Jambo wavuye mu ijuru akihindura umuntu upfa (Incarnation)  kugira aheshe ubugingo no kudapfa umwizera wese.

Igitabo cya Yohana ni cyo gitabo gihishura neza isano, imibanire n’imikoranire hagati ya Data (Father), umwana (Son or Jesus) n’Umwuka wera (Holy Spirit).

Nk’ibindi bitabo byose by’ivanjili iki gitabo kivuga ubuzima bwa Yesu. Ariko mu gihe Matayo na Luka batangiriye ku  nkuru zivuga  ku ivuka  rya Yesu, Mariko agahera ku itangira ry’umurimo we ( Ministry of Jesus), Yohana we yatangiriye mu ntangiriro z’ibihe (beginning of the time) nk’uko bigaragara muri Yohana 1:1

Ni nde wanditse iki gitabo?

Yohana intumwa akaba n’umwigishwa wa Yesu bivugwa ko ariwe wanditse iki gitabo. Gusa abashakashatsi mu bya Bibiliya bamwe na bamwe barabihakana. Havugwa andi mazina y’abantu bakekwa ko aribo banditse iki gitabo nka; Lazaro, Toma, Yohana wahimbwe Mariko, n’abandi batandukanye.

Umwanditsi ubwe nta hantu na hamwe yivuga muri iki gitabo, ariko hari ibirimo bishobora kuduha akanunu k’uwo ari we, niba ari Yohana koko.

Dore bimwe muri byo;

1. Tuziko iki gitabo ari ubuhamya bw’umwigishwa Yesu yakundaga: Yohana 21:20; Yohana 21:24.
2. Tuzi ko uwo mwigishwa yari ari kumwe n’abandi cumi na babiri (12) igihe Yesu yabozaga ibirenge mu mugoroba wa Pasika: Yohana 13:23
3. Tuzi neza ko uwo mwigishwa ari we wiboneye n’amaso ye Yesu ari gupfira ku musaraba kandi Yesu agasaba Mariya kumubera Nyina: Yohana 19:26
4. Tuzi neza ko uwo mwigishwa ari we wabonye bwa mbere igituro cya Yesu kirimo ubusa nyuma yo kuzuka: Yohana 20:2-5
5. Uyu mwigishwa tumubona ahantu hatandukanye ko yagendanaga na Petero: Yohana 20:2; Yohana 21:7
6. Ibyo tumaze kubona hejuru bitwinjiza neza mu byakozwe n’intumwa no mu bindi bitabo bigaragaza ko Yohana na Petero bagendanaga cyane mu murimo w’ivugabutumwa n’uko bari mu b’imbere kuri Yesu. Ingero nyinshi  z’imirongo igaragaza ibyo zirahari: Ibyakozwe 3:4; Ibyakozwe 8:14; Luka 9:28; Mariko 14:33

Hamwe n’inyandiko za kera nk’izanditswe na Irenaeus, Eusebius n’abandi tubona ko uruhande ruvuga ko umwanditsi w’iki gitabo ari Yohana umwigishwa ari rwo rufite ibihamya n’ibimenyetso byinshi.

Ese ni ibihe bintu bindi bishobora kutwereka ko uwanditse iki gitabo ari Yohana?

Mu isezerano rishya tubonamo ba Yohana bagera kuri bane:

1. Yohana umubatiza: Yohana 1:6. Uyu ntashobora kuba umwanditsi w’iki gitabo kandi yarishwe aciwe umutwe na Herode mbere cyane y’uko iki gitabo cyandikwa. Izo nkuru ziboneka mu gitabo cya Mariko 6:24-29.
2. Yohana ‘umutware :  Aha niho honyije hagira icyo hamuvugaho muri Bibiliya. Kandi hamugaragaza nk’umwanzi w’Itorero (Ibyakozwe 4:5-6).
3. Yohana umwigishwa Yesu yakundaga N’ubwo hari benshi bamujyaho impaka ariko niwe uhabwa amahirwe menshi yo kuba yaranditse iki gitabo: Matayo 4:21; Yohana 21:20-25

Ese ni ibihe bintu biri mu gitabo cya Yohana byaba bigaragaza ko uyu wacyanditse ari Yohana umwigishwa Yesu yakundaga.

Ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko uwanditse iki gitabo yari umuyuda kandi Yohana yari umuyuda nyakuri. Bimwe muri ibyo bimenyetso bigaragaza ko uwacyanditse yari umuyuda ndetse yari asobanukiwe iby’abayuda ni ibi;

1. Muri iki gitabo uzabonamo ko nyiri ukucyandika yari azi neza uko abayuda batekereza cyane cyane kubyerekeye Mesiya: Yohana 4:25; Yohana 6:14; Yohana 7:40; Yohana 12:34.
2. Umwanditsi yari azi neza uko abayuda bafata abagore n’imyitwarire yari ikwiriya umuyudakazi: Yohana 4:27.
3. Yari azi akamaro k’amashuri y’iyobokamana no kwiga ibyanditswe: Yohana 7:15.
4. Yari azi amakimbirane n’urwango ruba hagati y’abayuda n’abasamariya: Yohana 4:9.
5. Umwanditsi yari azi imico n’imyifatire y’abayuda n’uburyo babonamo ibintu. Urugero nko kuba wakwiyanduza ntube ukigiye mu birori n’iminsi mikuru mu gihe waba winjiye mu rukiko  rw’abanyamahanga: Yohana 18:28.
6. Yari asobanukiwe n’imihango n’imisango y’ubukwe bw’abayuda. Ushatse gusobanukirwa ibyo wasoma Yohana 2:1-10 hagaragaza ibyabereye i Kana

• Yari asobanukiwe n’imihango n’imisango yo gushyingura- (ushate gusobanukirwa ibyo wasoma Yohana 11:17-44)

Muri iki gitabo tubonamo ko umwanditsi yari umuturage wa Palesitine y’icyo gihe:

• Yari azi imiterere y’uduce twaho, imiterero ya Yerusalemu n’ahahakikije: Yohana 1:28; Yohana 3:23; Yohana 5:2; Yohana 9:7; Yohana 10:22; Yohana 11:18; Yohana 18:1; Yohana 19:13

Mu bigaragara uyu mwanditsi yiboneye n’amaso ye ibyo yanditse. Urugero rw’ibyo ni ukuntu atanga ishusho y’abantu ( Descriptions) bigaragara ko inkuru y’ibyabaye kuri bo yabyiboneye rwose. ingero za bamwe muri bo ni:

1. Nikodemo. Uyu mwanditsi avuga kuri Nikodemu nk’umuntu yari azi neza cyane kandi ibyo yakoze byose yari abizi: Yohana 3:1; Yohana 7:50; Yohana 19:39.
2. Lazaro. Yohana 12:1.
3. Simoni se wa Yuda Isikariyoti. Yohana 6:71, Yohana 12:4, Yohana 13:2, Yohana 13:26

Ikindi kigaragaza ko ari Yohana wagendanga na Yesu bya hafi ni ukuntu agenda ingingo ku yindi avuga inkuru, igihe ibintu byebereye n’amasaha nko muri izi nkuru: Yohana 1:40; Yohana 4:6; Yohana 4:52; Yohana 19:14; Yohana 13:30

Ikindi kigaragaza ko ari Yohana wagendanaga na Yesu wanditse iki gitabo ni uko iyo avuga inkuru agaragaza n’imibare, uko igikorwa cyagenze cyangwa uko byari byifashe muri ako kanya: Yohana 6:9; Yohana 12:3; Yohana 12:3; Yohana 12:13; Yohana 18:3; Yohana 19:23; Yohana 20:7; Yohana 21:17

Hari abashaka guhakana ko atari Yohana wanditse iki gitabo bavuga ko hari abandi bigishwa bagendanga na Yesu bya hafi kuburyo nabo baba barabonye ibyanditswe muri iki gitabo ku buryo nabo babyandika. Mu bigishwa batatu bari ab’imbere cyane kuri Yesu aribo; Petero, Yakobo na Yohana.  Gusa buri wese muri bo agira ingingo imukura mu banditsi batekerezwa nk’abanditsi b’iki gitabo uretse Yohana.

1. Petero akurwamo n’uyu murongo nawe bavugwamo bombi icyarimwe: Yohana 21:20
2. Yakobo we akurwamo n’umurongo wo mu Ibyakozwe 12:1-2, aho bigaragara ko yishwe mbere cyane y’uko batangira kwandika ibi bitabo.

Yohana yari muntu ki?

Yohana yari mwene Zebedayo w’umurobyi. Kuroba kari akazi kabo ka buri munsi.  Abarobyi b’i Galilaya nibo bagemuraga amafi mu gihugu hose. Yari afite mukuru we witwa Yakobo, nawe wasize ubwato akukirikira Yesu. Yari inshuti cyane na Petero kuko bari bahuje umwuga w’uburobyi. Birashoboka cyane ko Yohana ariwe wari muto mu bigishwa bose. Yari afite imyaka hagati ya 20-21. Hamwe na mukuru we Yakobo, Yesu yabitaga “abana b’inkuba” kuba ko bagiraga umujinya vuba (Mariko 9:38-41; Luka 9:51-54)

Gusa nubwo yari ateye gutyo Yesu yaramukundaga ndeste yari no mu nkoramutima za Yesu. Petero, Yakobo na Yohana bafite ibintu babonye abandi batabonye. Ibyo bigaragazwa n’iyi mirongo itandukanye.

1.  Azura umukobwa wa Yayiro (Mariko 5:37)
2. Yesu arabagirana ( Matayo 17:1)
3. Mu gashyamba I Getsemani ( Matayo 26:37)
4. Yohana na Petero nibo bonyine Yesu yatumye kujya gutegura Ibyo bya Pasika. (Luka 22:8)
5. Nkuko twaguye tubivugaho cyane hejuru,Yohana niwe wari uryamye mu gituza cya Yesu rya joro bamugambaniyemo.

Inkuru zivuga ko Yohana yamaze imyaka cumi n’ibiri i Yerusalemu. Itotezwa ry’intumwa ritangiye yahungiye muri Efeso ubu ni muri Turukiya ari naho bivugwa ko yandikiye iki gitabo.

Mu gitabo cyanditswe na Tertullian cyitwa “ Presicription of Heretics” yavuze ko Yohana bamujyanye ku kirwa cy’i Patimo nyuma yuko bagerageje kumuteka mu mavuta i Roma ntiyashya. Ngo iki gitangaza cyaba cyaratumye benshi bihana.  Nyuma yo kuva i Patimo yongeye gusubira muri Efeso. Ndetse ari no mu ntumwa zabashije kubaho igihe kirekire aho ni naho yaguye.

Igihe igitabo cyandikiwe  

Abanyatewologiya benshi bavuga cyanditswe hagati y’umwaka wa 65 kugera 100 A.D. mu 1934 hari inyandiko yabonetse mu Misiri yanditseho igice cya 18 ( Yohana 18) bikaba byaragaragaye ko iyo nyandiko ari iyo mu 125 AD. Nta muntu n’umwe wizera ko iyo nyadiko yaba ari iyumwimerere. Ikindi kuba yarabonetse mu Misiri bishobora byaratwaye ibinyacumi byinshi kugira ngo igereyo.

Impamvu iki gitabo cyanditswe.

Ingingo nyamukuru y’igitabo iboneka murI yohana 20:30-31. Intego y’iki gitabo ni guhamya ko Yesu ari Kristo, umwana w’Imana kandi ahesha ubugingo ( ubuzima) umwizera wese, kandi ko azabaho kubwizina rye.

Ni ibihe bibumbiye mu gitabo cya Yohana?

Yohana ari ashishikajwe no kugaragaza ko Yesu yavuye mu ijuru ( divinity). Mu gitabo agaruka ku bantu bagera kuri cumi n’ababiri bagiye bavuga Yesu ko ari Mesiya umwana w’Imana (Yohana 1:34, Yohana 3:33-36, Yohana 1:41; Yohana 1:45; Yohana 1:49; Yohana 4:29, Yohana 4:42, Yohana 6:68-69, Yohana 9:36-8; Yohana 11:27; Yohana 16:30, Yohana 20:28, Yohana 21:7).

Yanditse ibimenyetso/ibitangaza birindwi bigaragaza ko Yesu ari umwana w’Imana kandi afite ubushobozi kuri byose kugeza no ku rupfu.

• Ahindura amazi divayi (Yohana 2:1-11)
• Akiza umwana w’umutware (Yohana 4:46-54)
• Akiriza umurwayi ku kidendezi cya betesida (Yohana 5:1-18)
• Ahaza abantu ibihumbi bitanu hafi y’inyanja Galilaya (Yohana 6:5-14)
• Agendera hejuru y’amazi n’amaguru (Yohana 6:16-21)
• Akiza impumyi i Yerusalemu (Yohana 9:1-7)
• Azura Lazaro i Betaniya (Yohana 11:1-45)

Ikimenyetso cya nyuma ni Yesu azura Lazaro byabaye mbere gato y’uko abambwa agapfa kandi byashushanyaga umuzuko we.

Yanditse inshuro zirindwi aho Yesu uwo ariwe icyitwa “ndi” cyangwa “ni njye”. Ibi bidusabanurira Yesu nyakuri uwo ari we.

• Ni ndi umugati w’ubugingo (Yohana 6:35)
• Ni njye mucyo w’isi (Yohana 8:12)
• Ninjye rembo ry’intama (Yohana 10:7-9)
• Ni njye mwungeri mwiza (Yohana 10:11-14)
• Ni njye kuzuka n’ubugingo (Yohana 11:25)
• Ni njye nzira y’ukuri n’ubugingo (Yohana 14:6)
• Ni njye muzabibu w’ukuri (Yohana 15:5)

Izindi ngingo nyamukuru zigaragara muri iki gitabo

Kwizera nayo n’ingingo nyamukuru Yohana yibanzeho cyane. Ijambo ngo “kwizera rigaruka  Muri iki gitabo inshuro 98. Yohana yashatse kugaragaza ingano kwizera ari ingenzi kandi bihoraho.

Mu bindi bigaragara cyane muri ikigitabo ni urukundo. Ijambo “urukundo” rigaruka muri iki gitabo inshuro 56. Byari intego y’umwanditsi kugira ngo uzasoma wese iyi nkuru azabone buryo Imana yakunze abari mu isi cyane (Yohana 3:16) kandi natwe dukwiye gukundana. (Yohana 13:34-35, Yohana 15:12, Yohana 15:17)

Imiterere y’igitabo cya Yohana.

• Iriburiro (Yohana 1:1-18)
• Igitabo cy’ibimenyetso (Yohana 1:19 kugeza Yohana 12:50)
• Igitabo cy’ubwiza (book of glory): aha dusangamo inkuru z’ijoro rya nyuma abigishwa bari kumwe na Yesu, Kristo atotezwa, kugera azutse (Yohana 13:1 kugeza Yohana 20:31)
• Umwanzuro (Yohana 21)

1. Iriburiro ritumenyesha uwo Yesu ariwe, Mesiya nyakuri, Jambo w’Imana, Imana yihinduye umuntu. Yaje mube (abayuda) ntibamwemera, ariko abamwemeye bakizera izina rye yabahaye ubushobozi bwo kuba abana b’Imana.
2. Mu gitabo cy’ibimenyetso/ibitangaza (ivugabutumwa rya Yesu): Yesu yarabatijwe, ahamagara abigishwa ubundi atangira umurimo. Yagendaga ava mu gace kamwe ajya mu kandi abwira abamwumva ibyerekeye Imana na Data (Father) itanga ubugingo ku wizeye wese. Yagendaga akora ibitangaza byinshi nk’igihamya ndetse n’umugabo wo kwemeza ko ibyo yavugaga ari ukuri.  Gusa uku gukora ibitangaza no kuvuga ko ari umwana w’Imana kandi yaje avuye ku Mana byateje ikibazo gikomeye mu bafarisayo n’abanditsi (Yohana 5:17-18) bafata umwanzuro wo kumwica. Dusangamo ibimenyetso cyangwa ibitangaza birindwi (7), hamwe n’imvugo ya Yesu ubwe yihamya uwo ari we mu mvugo ziswe “ni njye” nazo akaba ari zirindiwi (7). Niyo mpamvu iki gice cy’iki gitabo cyitwa igitabo cy’ibimenyetso “book of signs”.  Impamvu Yohana yanditse iki gice cyiswe igitabo cy’ibimenyetso igaragara murI yohana 20:30-31.
3. Igitabo cy’ubwiza (book of glory) cyo harimo inkuru zitubwira Yesu asubira mu ijuru kuri se. kituganiriza uko Yesu yari arimo ategura abigishwa be kuzabaho batamufite. Tubonamo Yisengera cyane noneho adasengera abandi, byakurikiwe no kugambanirwa, kugirwa imbohe, gucirwa urubanza, kubambwa, na nyuma yo kuzuka yiyereka abigishwa. Ibiri muri iki gitabo byose byabereye i Yerusalemu. Iki gice cyitwa igitabo cy’ubwiza kubera gucungura umuntu, kumupfira, kuzuka no kuzamurwa bigaragara muri iki gice. Ibyo bikorwa iyo bikomotanirijwe nibyo byitwa “Guhabwa ubwiza”. Ni byo bikorwa byazamuye icyubahiro cy’Imana mu isi. Kandi ni nabwo Umwana w’Imana yasubiranye ubwiza yarafite atarihindura umuntu. Icyo ibyo byose byatanze kuri twe ni agakiza.

Aha ni naho dusangamo impamvu nyamukuru y’iki gitabo “ Yohana 20:30-31”

Ni bande iki gitabo cyandikiwe?

Yohana nta ruhande rwihariye runaka yari agamije ahubwo yandikiye umuntu wese uzizera ko Yesu ari Krito umwana w’Imana. Kandi uzabyizera gutyo azahabwa ubugingo.

Ibyo twifashishije twandika iyi nkuru.

• Gospel of John (https://www.biblestudytools.com/john/) Retrieved 11 November 2020
• John (https://bibleproject.com/explore/john/) Retrieved 11 November 2020
• Gospel according to John (https://www.britannica.com/topic/Gospel-According-to-John) Retrieved 11 November 2020
• Gospel of John (https://www.allaboutjesuschrist.org/gospel-of-john.htm) Retrieved 11 November 2020
• Gospel of John: Reason to believe in Jesus (https://overviewbible.com/john/) Retrieved 11 November 2020
• Ubutumwa bwiza bwa Yohana Retrieved 11 November 2020