1 Petero: Inshamake ku rwandiko rwa mbere rwa Petero

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Muri iyi nshamake ku rwandiko rwa mbere rwa Petero tugiye kurebera hamwe impamvu iki gitabo kiswe gutyo, umwanditsi wacyo, igihe cyandikiwe, ingingo nyamukuru, imiterere yacyo, n’ibigize iki gitabo muri rusange.

Umwanditsi n’igihe iki gitabo cyandikiwe

Umwanditsi

Umwanditsi yivuga neza muri uru rwandiko ko ari intumwa Petero (1 Petero 1:1), kandi ibirimo, ndetse n’abavugwa cyane muri uru rwandiko byemeza ko ari Petero warwanditse (1 Petero 1:12; 1 Petero 4:13). Ikirenze kuri ibyo ni uko ibirimo bifitanye isano n’amagambo Petero yakoreshaga mu mbwirwaruhame ze zigaragara mu bitabo by’ivanjiri no mu byakozwe n’intumwa. Ingingo z’ingenzi zigaragara muri iki gitabo zijyana cyane n’inkuru z’ubuzima za Petero n’abagenzi be ubwo Yesu yari mu isi no mu gihe cy’intumwa.  Yari aziranye na  Pawulo nk’uko bigaragara haba mu nyandiko ze cyangwa iza Pawulo (2 Petero 3:15-16 ; Abagalatiya 1:18; Abagalatiya 2:1-21) rero guhuza ibitekerezo na we si igitangaza.

Kuva iki gitabo cyaboneka byari bizwi neza ko ari umurimo w’intoki za Petero. Mu bimenyetso bya kera bigaragaza ko ari Petero ni uko mu 2 Petero 3:1 hagaragaza Petero ubwe yivugira ko urwandiko rwa Kabiri rwari  urwandiko rwa kabiri ku rwandiko rwa mbere yari yaranditse, urwo rwa mbere ni uru turi kuvugaho

Haba mu nyandiko z’abakuru b’itorero rya mbere nka Irenaeus (a.d. 140-203), Tertullian (150-222), Kilementi wa Alekizandiriya (155-215) na Origen (185-253), nta numwe wigeze ahakana ko ari Petero wanditse uru rwandiko ahubwo bose bemezaga ko ari we warwanditse.

Gusa hari bamwe bavuga ko inshoberamahanga z’ikigiriki ziri muri uru rwandiko zirenze ubushobozi bwo kuvuga ikigiriki Petero yari afite, ariko mu gihe cye, ikinyarameya, igiheburayo n’ikigiriki zose zari indimi zakoreshwaga ku butaka bwa Isiraheli, bityo Petero si igitangaza ko yari azi ururimi rurenze rumwe. Nubwo atari yarize neza (Ibyakozwe 4:13) ntibivuze ko yari umuswa mu kigiriki.  Nk’umurobyi w’umunyagalilaya yari ari mu gace kamufasha kuba yakimenya. Nubwo bishoboka ko yari atakizi mu minsi ya mbere y’itorero, ashobora kuba yaracyize cyane ngo kijye kimufasha mu murimo we wo kubwiriza ubutumwa, akaba ashobora kuba yaracyize mu gihe kiri hagati yo gutangira ku itorero no kwandika uru rwandiko.

Ni ukuri koko iki gitabo cyari cyanditse mu kigiriki gisukuye birenze ubushobozi bwa Petero, nubwo bidashidikanwaho ko yari azi kukivuga nk’abandi bantu bose babaga mu duce duherereye hafi y’inyanja ya Mediterane, biragoye cyane ko Petero yaba yaranditse mu kigiriki gitomoye nk’icyakoreshejwe mu iyandikwa ry’iki gitabo.

Ni kuri iyo ngingo tugeraho tukabona aho Petero avuga ko uwamufashije kwandika ari Siluwano (Sila) (1 Petero 5:12). Birazwi ko abakarani bo kwandika bafashaga abantu kubandikira inyandiko mu kigiriki mu gihe ba nyiri ukwandika babaga batabishoboye, bityo urwandiko rwa mbere rwanditswe na Sila mu gihe urwandiko rwa kabiri rwa Petero rwanditswe na Petero mu kigiriki cye kitari cyiza.

Igihe iki gitabo cyandikiwe

Iki gitabo bivugwa ko cyanditswe mu myaka ya 60. Ntigishobora gushyirwa mu nsi y’umwaka wa 60 kuko gifitanye isano cyane n’inzandiko Pawulo yandikiye mu nzu y’imbohe (abakolosayi, Abefeso); gereranya  1 Petero 1:1-3 na Abefeso 1:1-3 —  1 Petero 2:18 na Abakolosayi 3:22; — 1 Petero 3:1-6 na Abefeso 5:22-24,)

Ikindi kandi iki gitabo ntigishobora gushyirwa mu myaka iri hejuru ya 67 na 68 kuko Petero yishwe ahowe Imana ku ngoma ya Nero.

Aho uru rwandiko rwandikiwe

Mu 1 Petero 5:13, Petero avuga ko yari i Babuloni ubwo yandikaga uru rwandiko. Bamwe bavuga ko yari muri Babuloni ya Egiputa, abandi bakavuga ko yari muri Babuloni ya Mesopotamiya, abandi bati ni i Yerusalemu yandikiye, abandi bati ni i Roma. Bivugwa ko Petero yakoresheje ijambo Babuloni adashaka kuvuga ahantu runaka ahubwo ari inyito yakoresheje nk’uko tubona iyi nyito mu gitabo cy’ibyahishuwe (Ibyahishuwe 14:8; Ibyahishuwe 17:9-10). Gusa inkuru zimwe zivuga ko ubwo yari i Roma ari bwo yanditse iki gitabo. Abandi bavuga ko iyo Babuloni yavugaga ari umujyi wabayeho mu kinyejana cya mbere, ukaba wari uherereye kuri Ufurate.

Nta kimenyetso na kimwe cyagaragazaga ko iyi Babuloni yavugaga ari Roma kugeza igihe igitabo cy’ibyahishuwe cyandikiwe mu mwaka wa 95. Bityo ibigaragra mu 1 Petero 5:13 ntibiremezwa niba ari inyito cyangwa izina ry’ahantu hariho.

Insanganyamatsiko

Nubwo uru rwandiko ari urwandiko rugufi ni urwandiko rukora ku Nguni z’inshingano n’ubuzima bwa Gikiristo. Ntibitangaje kuba umusomyi w’iki gitabo yabonamo insanganyamatsiko zirenze imwe. Urugero: harimo ivugwa ku gutotezwa no kubabazwa, kubabazwa no kwambikwa ubwiza, harimo ingingo ivuga ibyiringiro, ingingo ivuga ku rugendo rujya mu ijuru, ingingo ivuga ibihumuriza, kandi uru rwandiko rushobora kugaragara nk’urwandiko rwanditswe ngo rugaragaze ubuntu nyakuri bw’Imana (1 Petero 5:12). Petero yaravuze ngo “mbahugura, mpamya, y’uko Ubuntu bw’Imana navuze ari ubw’ukuri”. Uru rwandiko rurimo impuguro zitandukanye zihera 1 Petero 1:13  kugeza 1 Petero 5:11.

Imiterere y’iki gitabo

• intashyo (1 Petero 1:1-2)
• ishimwe ry’ibyiringiro by’agakiza (1 Petero 1:3-12)
• ibyo kwera mu ngeso (1 Petero 1:13; 1 Petero 5:11)

1. 1. ibikenewe ngo twezwe (1 Petero 1:13; 1 Petero 2:3)
   2. uruhande rw’abizera (1 Petero 2:4-12)
   3. inzu y’umwuka (1 Petero 2:4-8)
   4. ubwoko bwatoranijwe (1 Petero 2:9-10)
   5. abasuhuke n’abimukira (1 Petero 2:11-12)
   6. kuganduka (1 Petero 2:13; 1 Petero 3:7)
   7. kugandukira abatware (1 Petero 2:13-17)
   8. kugandukira abakoresha (1 Petero 2:18-20)
   9. Kristo urugero rwiza rwo kuganduka (1 Petero 2:21-25)
   10. kuganduka kw’abagore n’abagabo (1 Petero 3:1-6)
   11. inshingano z’abagabo (1 Petero 3:7)
   12. inshingano za bose (1 Petero 3:8-17)
   13. urugero rwa Kristo. (1 Petero 3:18; 1 Petero 4:6)
   14. ihere rya byose riri bugufi (1 Petero 4:7-11)
   15. imyitwarire ikwiye mu gihe cyo kubabazwa no gutotezwa(1 Petero 4:12-19)
   16. inshingano z’abakuru b’itorero (1 Petero 5:1-4)
   17. inshingano z’urubyiruko(1 Petero 5:5-11)

• intego y’uru rwandiko (1 Petero 5:12)
• intashyo zisoza no guheshwa umugisha (1 Petero 5:13-14)

Kuki uru rwandiko kurusoma ari ingenzi?

Urwandiko rwa mbere rwa Petero ni ingenzi kuko rwigisha umukiristo wese kubaho mu bihe by’umubabaro kandi ugakomeza ugakiranuka (1 Petero 2:20). Ni muri urwo rwego iki gitabo gifatwa nkaho ari igitabo cya Yobu cyo mu isezerano rishya. Kuko gitanga ihumure ku mwizera wese w’ukuri ngo akomeze inzira Kristo yashyizeho nubwo haba ari mu bigeragezo. Kwihangana Petero yabwiraga abandikirwaga kwari ukwihangana nk’ukwa Yobu , umugabo wababajwe cyane ariko agakomeza gukiranuka.

Urwandiko rwa mbere rwa Petero rwubakiye ku nyigisho y’agakiza twahawe; amayoberane ya ko (yazanywe n’abamalayika n’abahanuzi bo mu isezerano rya kera) inzira y’ako gakiza (kumeneka kw’amaraso ya Yesu Kristo), abagahawe ( abizera). Petero avuga ko imibabariro ari bimwe mu bijyana n’agakiza ndetse Kristo ari urugero rwiza rw’ibyo. Umwanzuro w’uru rwandiko ni uko abera bose dukwiye kuba maso bategereje kugaruka k’umushumba mukuru. Kubera uko iki gitabo kivuga cyane ku mibabaro no kwihanganira ibigeragezo bacyita igitabo cya Yobu cyo mu isezerano rishya.

IBYIGENZI WAMENYA KURI IKI GITABO

• Umwanditsi : Petero intumwa ni we wanditse iki gitabo. Yahoze akora umwuga w’uburobyi (Luka 5:1-9), yavukanaga na Andereya (Yohana 1:40), akaba yari umuvugizi (spokesman) w’intumwa 12,
• Ibitabo yanditse : 1 Petero na 2 Petero
• Igihe yandikiye ibyo bitabo : yanditse igitabo cya 1 Petero mu mwaka wa 64 acyandikira i Babuloni. Yanditse igitabo cya 2 Petero mu mwaka wa 65 aho yacyandikiye ntihazwi gusa bikekwa ko zombi yazanditse ari ahantu hamwe.
• Impamvu yo kwandika:
  • 1 Petero :gukomeza abera batotezwa
  • 2 Petero : guhugura no gutanga imbuzi z’ahazaza ku bakiristo.
• Abandikiwe: abakiristo batataniye mu mahanga Yose

ABANTU B’INGENZI

• Petero : umwanditsi w’uru rwandiko
• Sara: umufasha w’aburahamu, Nyina wa Isaka, uwo Pawulo yatanzeho urugero rw’umugore wari ufite imyitwarire y’umugore wubaha Imana.

AHANTU H’INGENZI

• Inzu y’imbohe y’imyuka : ahantu Yesu yasuye hagati yo gupfira ku musaraba no kuzuka kwe. (1 Petero 3:19)
• Iburyo bw’Imana: umwanya w’icyubahiro aho Yesu yicara mu ijuru.
• Babuloni : Umurwa mukuru w’ubwami bwa Babuloni.

UMWIHARIKO W’IKI GITABO

• Mu ntumwa 12 , batatu gusa nibo banditse ibitabo biri mu isezerano rishya abo ni Matayo, Yohana na Petero.
• Iki gitabo Petero yanditse wari umusozo w’inshingano z’uburyo bubiri Yesu yari yaramuhaye. Izo nshingano zombi yaziherewe ku nyanja y’i Galilaya.

1. 1. “Nzakugira umurobyi w’abantu” (Luka 5:10). Izi nshingano Petero yazisohoje ku munsi wa Pentekote abwiriza abantu hakihana 3000. (Ibyakozwe 2:14).
   2. “ragira intama zanjye” (Yohana 21:15-17).  Izi nshingano yazisohoje mu magambo yanditse yicaye I Babuloni (1 Petero. 2:2; 1 Petero 5:13).

• izina Petero rigaragara inshuro 210 mu isezerano rishya. Pawulo rikagaragaramo inshuro 162. Andi mazina y’izindi ntumwa zisigaye uyateranije hamwe yose agaragara inshuro 142.
• Petero yitwa intumwa y’ibyiringiro (Petero 1:3, 12, 21; Petero 3:15). Pawulo akitwa intumwa yo kwizera naho Yohana akitwa y’urukundo
• Ijambo nyamukuru muri uru rwandiko ni “imibabaro” riboneka muri iki gitabo inshuro 16. Muri zo inshuro 6 zivuga ku mibabaro ya Kristo naho inshuro 10 zivuga ku mibabaro y’abizera. Irindi Jambo riboneka cyane ni “Ubuntu” riboneka inshuro 8. Uyu mugabo Petero niwe wigeze guhana (gucyaha) Yesu avuze ko agiye kuzababazwa ubwo yababwiraga ko agiye kujya i Yerusalemu akazababazwa cyane n’abatambyi bakuru n’abanditsi (Matayo 16:21, 22), ariko ubu niwe wari ufashe umwanya ari kwandikira abandi ibyo kubabazwa. Uwo Petero ni we Satani yavugiyemo ngo ace intege Yesu, ariko muri uru rwandiko  ni we wahuguraga abantu ku mikorere ya Satani (1 Petero5:8).
• Simoni Petero ni we mwizera wenyine wigeze guhana Yesu Kristo (Matayo 16:22), akamwihakana (Matayo 26:34, 72), no kwivuma (Matayo 26:74).
• Petero niwe muntu bizwi neza ko yari afite umugore mu banditsi bose b’ibitabo by’isezerano rishya. (Matayo 8:14, 15; 1 Abakorinto 9:5).
• Petero yari mu bantu batatu bari inshuti z’imbere za Yesu (Matayo 17:1-5; Maliko 5:37; Matayo 26:36-46).
• Inzandiko 2 za Petero zose yazanditse ubwo yari mu mpera z’ubuzima bwe. Urwa mbere yarwanditse hagati yo gufungwa kwe no kujya mu rukiko. Mu gihe urwa kabiri yarwanditse hagati yo kuva mu rurkiko no kwicwa (2 Petero 1:13-21).
• Uru rwandiko rwanditswe muri 64 ku mwaduko w’itotezwa ryakozwe na Nero. Tubibutse ko Nero yapfuye mu mwaka wa 68.
• Muri uru rwandiko bigaragara ko Petero yandika abakristo bari barabaswe n’irari ry’ibyisi (1 Petero 2:11)  mu gihe abashumba bo bari baswe no gukunda indamu (1 Petero 5:1-3).
• Igice cya 3 cy’uru rwandiko gifatwa nk’igice cyagenewe abubatse (1 Petero 3:1-12) kubera impuguro zirimo zigenewe abagabo n’abagore. (bigereranye na Abefeso 4:22-33)
• Mu magambo yavuze mu 1 Petero 3:18-22 yagerageje gusobanura icyo Kristo yarimo akora hagati y’uko apfuye kugeza azutse.
• Amagambo yanditse mu gice (1 Petero 3:18-22) hamwe n’ibyanditse mu 1 Petero 4:6 ari mu magambo ateza impaka nyinshi mu bantu ku isi.
• Imyandikire y’iki gitabo iteye nk’imbwirwaruhame za Petero ziboneka mu gitabo cy’Ibyakozwe.
• Iki gitabo ni cyo kibonekamo  ahantu bwa nyuma Yesu yitwa umushumba,…. Copy from Hebrews
• Satani muri uru rwandiko  agereranwa nk’intare yivuga (1 Petero 5:8)
• Petero yavuze  byinshi ku ijambo ry’Imana. Yaravuze ngo “ni rizima kandi rihoraho” (1 Petero 1:23), ni iry’iteka (1 Petero 1:25), ni amata adafunguye (1 Petero 1:23).
• Petero avuga amahame fatizo y’inyigisho za Kristo (Doctrines) muri uru rwandiko rugufi rwe:

1. 1. Guhinduka umuntu kwa Kristo avuye
   2. Amazina ya Kristo
   3. Umwana w’intama utagira inenge (1 Petero 1:20)
   4. Ibuye rikomeza imfuruka (Aho Yesu ahurira n’ibyanditswe) ( 1 Petero 2:6)
   5. Ibuye ry’igiciro cyinshi (icyo Yesu ahuriyeho n’abizera (1 Petero 2:7)
   6. Ibuye risitaza n’urutare rugusha ( icyo Yesu ahuriyeho n’abatizera) ( 1 Petero 2:8)
   7. Umwungeri w’ubugingo bwacu (1 Petero 2:25)
   8. Umutahiza mukuru (umushumba mukuru) (5:4)
   9. Ubuzima bwa Kristo buzira icyaha (1 Petero 1:19; 1 Petero 2:22)
   10. Imibabaro ya Kristo n’urupfu rwe (1 Petero 1:11; 1 Petero 2:23-24; 1 Petero 3:18; 1 Petero 4:1, 13; 1 Petero 5:1)
   11. Kuzuka kwe (1 Petero 3:21-22)
   12. Gusubira mu ijuru kwe( 1 Petero 3:22)
   13. Aho yicaye iburyo bw’Imana (1 Petero 3:22)
   14. Kugaruka kwe (1 Petero 1:13, 17; 1 Petero 4:13; 1 Petero 5:1, 4)

• Petero yita abizera amazina ataboneka mu bindi bitabo by’isezerano rishya cyane.

1. 1. Abana bumvira (1 Petero 1:14)
   2. Impinja zivutse (1 Petero 2:2)
   3. Amabuye mazima (1 Petero 2:5)
   4. Abatambyi bera (1 Petero 2:9)
   5. Abatambyi b’ubwami (1 Petero 2:9)
   6. Ishyanga ryera (1 Petero 2:9)
   7. Abantu Imana yaronse(1 Petero 2:9)
   8. Abasuhuke n’abimukira (1 Petero 2:11)
   9. Abakiristo (1 Petero 4:16)
   10. Abakiranutsi (1 Petero 4:18)
   11. Abatoranijwe (1 Petero 1:2)
   12. Ubwoko bw’Imana (1 Petero 2:10)
   13. Abavuga ibyo babwirijwe n’Imana (1 Petero 4:11)
   14. Umukumbi w’Imana (1 Petero 5:2)

•  Urwandiko rwa mbere rwa Petero ni rwo rutanga inshamake ku butatu butagatifu ni cyo buri umwe ahuriyeho n’umurimo wo gukiza abantu:

1. 1. Twatoranijwe n’Imana (1 Petero 1:2a)
   2. Tweza n’umwuka wera (1 Petero 1:2b)
   3. Ducungurwa n’umwana w’Imana (1 Petero 1:3)

• Iki gitabo gisubiza  ibibazo bibiri byibazwaga ku gakiza

1. 1. Icyo abahanuzi bo mu isezerano rya Kera bari babiziho (1 Petero 1:10, 11, 12a). (reba na Matayo 13:17).
   2. Icyo abamalayika babiziho (1 Petero 1:12b). (reba Daniyeli 12:5, 6; cyangwa Abefeso 3:10).

• Iki gitabo ni ho tubona inshuro ya gatatu aho abizera biswe abakiristo.

1. 1. Ibyakozwe n’intumwa 11:26 (izina abakiristo ryakoreshejwe n’abantu bo batizeraga bo muri Antiyokiya)
   2. Ibyakozwe n’intumwa 26:28 (izina abakiristo ryakoreshejwe n’umwami Agiripa)
   3. 1 Petero 4:16 (izina abakoristo ryakoreshejwe na Petero)

• Uru rwandiko ruri mu nzandiko 3 zihugura abizera kugandukira abatware

1. 1. Abaroma 13:1-7
   2. 1 Timoteyo 2:1-4
   3. 1 Petero 2:13-17

• Petero na Yohana ni bo banditsi b’ibitabo byo mu isezerano rishya bitaga Kristo Umwana w’Intama  (Yohana 1:29, 36; Ibyahishuwe. 5:6; 1 Petero 1:19).
• Usomye neza urwandiko rwa Peterohamwe n’urw’abafeso wasangamo inyigisho zirenga ijana n’amagambo byose bivuga ubutumwa busa.
• Petero yari yarasomye urwandiko rw’abaroma (2 Petero 3:15-16).
• Muri uru rwandiko niho tubona ikamba rya nyuma mu makamba atanu tubona muri Bibiliya

1. 1. Ikamba ryo gukiranuka (2 Timoteyo 4:8)
   2. Ikamba ry’umubwiriz abutumwa (Abafilipi 4:1; 1 Abatesalonike 2:19)
   3. Ikamba ry’ubugingo (Yakobo 1:12; Ibyahishuwe 2:10; 3:11)
   4. Ikamba ritangirika (1 Abakorinto 9:25)
   5. Ikamba ry’ubwiza (1 Petero 5:4)

• Urwandiko rwa Petero ni cyo gitabo kivuga inshuro 5 muri zirindwi  ziba mu isezerano rishya aho Yesu avugwa nk’urutare

1. 1. Igitare cy’umwuka (1 Abakorinto 10:4)
   2. Ibuye rimenagura (Matayo 21:44)
   3. Ibuye rizima (1 Peter 2:4a)
   4. Ibuye ryanzwe (1 Petero 2:4b)
   5. Ibuye ryatoranijwe ry’igiciro cyinshi (1 Petero 2:4)
   6. Ibuye rikomeza imfuruka (1 Petero 2:6)
   7. Ibuye risitaza (1 Petero 2:8)

AMAZINA YA YESU MURI URU RWANDIKO

1. Yesu Kristo (1 Petero 1:1)
2. Umwami Yesu Kristo (1 Petero 1:3)
3. Ibuye rizima (1 Petero 2:4)
4. Ibuye risitaza (1 Petero 2:8)
5. Umutahiza mukuru (umushumba mukuru) (1 Petero 5:4)
6. Yesu Kristo 1 Petero (5:10)

Ibyo twifashishije twandika iyi nkuru

• Willmington, Harold, “Article 60: First Peter at a Glance” (2017). The Owner’s Manual File. 52. (https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/owners_manual/52/?utm_source=digitalcommons.liberty.edu%2Fowners_manual%2F52&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages) Retrieved  26 January 2021
• Book of 1st Peter (https://www.biblestudytools.com/1-peter/) Retrieved 04 January 2021
• 1st Peter (https://www.insight.org/resources/bible/the-general-epistles/first-peter) Retrieved 04 January 202