Iyi ni inshamake ku rwandiko rwa kabiri rwa Petero, tugiye kuvuga ku nyito y’uru rwandiko, umwanditsi, igihe rwandikiwe, insanganyamatsiko, imiterere n’ibikigize muri rusange.
Umwanditsi
Umwanditsi ubwe yivuga muri iki gitabo: ni Simoni Petero (2 Petero 1:1). Muri uru rwandiko yemeza ko ari urwandiko rwa kabiri yari yandikiye ba nyiri kurusoma. Urwa mbere ni urwandiko rwa mbere rwa Petero (1 Petero). Uyu mwanditsi yita Pawulo, mwene se, ukundwa (2 Petero 3:15). Iki gitabo ntabwo byari byaremejwe ko cyanditswe na Pawulo kugeza mu gihe cya Origen (hari hagati y’umwaka wa 185 n’umwaka wa 253),
Mu binyejana bya vuba ibyo kuba cyaranditswe na Petero byibajijweho n’abantu benshi ndetse bamwe bagahakana ko Petero yaba yaracyanditse. Kimwe mu byagenderwagaho ngo abantu bahakane ko ari Petero wacyanditse ni imyandikire yacyo itandukanye cyane n’imyandikire y’urwandiko rwa mbere rwe, rwo rwemezwa neza ko ari we warwanditse. Gusa iryo itandukaniro si rinini cyane. Si ikintu cyo kwitabwaho cyane kuko hari byinshi na none ibi bitabo byombi bihuriraho nk’inyunguramagambo n’ibindi bitandukanye. Mu by’ukuri nta bindi bitabo bijya gusa nka 1 Petero nkuko 2 Petero imeze. Itandukaniro rishobora kuba hagati y’ibi bitabo byombi ni nk’imyandikire, isoko y’amakuru umwanditsi yakoresheje yandika n’umukarani wifashishijwe. Mu rwandiko rwa mbere rwanditswe na Petero mu gice cya gatanu umurongo wa 12 havuga ko uwafashije Petero kwandika urwandiko rwa mbere ari Siluwano (Sila), ariko mu rwandiko rwa kabiri rwa Petero rwo nta hantu tubona amagambo nkayo, ibyo bishobora kuduha impamvu y’ukuntu ibyo bitabo bidahuje ubwoko bw’imyandikire kuko abakarani babyanditse atari bamwe (amakuru arambuye kuri ibyo wayasanga ku nkuru twakoze ku rwandiko rwa mbere rwa Petero).
Abandi bahakana ko uru rwandiko rutanditswe na Petero bifashisha ibihe n’amateka y’itorero bavuga ko ibigaragara muri iki gitabo bitaba bihura neza n’amateka ya Petero n’igihe yapfiriye. Urugero, bamwe bavuga ko umurongo uvuga ku bitabo bya Pawulo ariwo 2 Petero 3:15-16 ugaragaza ko uwabivuze yanditse iki gitabo Petero yarapfuye. Gusa ibi ntibyashingirwaho cyane kuko inzandiko za Pawulo zari ziriho mu gihe cy’intumwa kandi zarasomwe n’abantu benshi kuko zari inzandiko mbwirwabose (lettre circulaire), zagendaga zizengurutswa mu matorero atandukanye (urugero: inzandiko z’Abatesalonike zamaze imyaka 15 zizengurutswa mu matorero atandukanye kugira abera bo muri yo bazisome). Uretse n’ibyo kandi, ibyo Petero avuga bigaragaza ko yari yarasomye zimwe mu nzandiko za Pawulo cyangwa azi ibivugwamo, ariko kuba yari abizi birashoboka cyane kuko mu gihe cy’abaromani guhererekanya amakuru byari byoroshye ndetse no mu itorero rya mbere byari uko n’ubwo izo nzandiko zitari zikusanyije nk’uko tubibona muri Bibiliya.
Igihe iki gitabo cyandikiwe
Urwandiko rwa kabiri rwa Petero bigaragara ko rwanditswe mu bihe bya nyuma by’ubuzima bwa Petero (2 Petero 1:12-15), hari nyuma y’uko yari yarabanje kwandikira abo yandikiye urwandiko rwa mbere arirwo 1 Petero. Kubera ko Petero yishwe ahowe Imana ku ngoma ya Nero mu mwaka wa 68 bigaragaza ko uru rwandiko rwanditswe nyuma yo kwandika urwandiko rwa mbere ariko mbere y’uko Petero yicwa. Ubwo aho ni hagati y’umwaka wa 65 na 68.
Bamwe bavuga ko iyo myaka yaba ari iya kera cyane kuba ari yo urwandiko rwa kabiri rwa Petero rwanditswemo, ariko nta kintu cy’umwihariko kiri muri uru rwandiko cyaba cyarabaye nyuma y’iyo myaka twavuze hejuru ku buryo ibyo wabigenderaho. Ibyo abo bashingiraho bavuga n’impuguro ku buyobe bwabayeho mu kinyejana cya mbere. Abo bavuga ko igice cya kabiri cy’uru rwandiko kirimo inyigisho zarwanyaga ubuyobe bwa Ginositisizime bwabayeho mu kinyejana cya kabiri (twabuvuzeho mu nkuru twakoze ku rwandiko rw’abakolosayi), gusa abavuga ibyo ni ugushaka gusobanura ibirenze ibyo iki gice kivugaho. N’ubwo iki gice cyaba kivuga ku byariho mu ntangiriro z’ubwo buyobe, nta kintu gikomeye kirimo cyaba kigaragaza ko ibyanditswemo bitabaye mu gihe cy’ubuzima bwa Petero.
Hari abandi bashaka kwifashisha ubusobanuro bw’ijambo “ba sogokuruza” ryanditswe mu gice cya gatatu umurongo wa kane (2 Petero 3:4) bakavuga ko ryashakaga kuvuga abakiristu ba mbere. Ariko iri jambo ryakoreshejwe kenshi rishaka kuvuga ba sogokuruza bo mu isezerano rya Kera, si abera bo mu itorero rya mbere(Yohana 6:31; Ibyakozwe 3:13; Abaheburayo 1:1) (abakristo ba mbere bo mu itorero ry’intumwa). Ikindi ntabwo kuba umwanditsi yaravuze ibiri mu nzandiko za Pawulo (2 Petero 3:15-16) bisaba kuba byaranditswe mu gihe kiri inyuma y’ubuzima bwa Petero.
Urwandiko rwa kabiri rwa Petero n’urwandiko rwa Yuda
N’ubwo hari isano hagati y’urwandiko rwa Petero n’urwandiko rwa Yuda, iyo ni isano yateye urujijo benshi (gereranya 2 Petero 2 na Yuda 1:4-18), gusa iyo witegereje neza ubonamo itandukaniro rigaragara cyane. Bivugwa ko umwe yaba yarifashishije urwandiko rw’undi arimo yandika cyangwa bose bakaba barakoresheje isooko imwe y’amakuru barimo kwandika. N’ubwo abenshi bavuga ko ari Yuda wakoresheje urwandiko rwa Petero yandika, n’uwavuga ko Petero wanditse ibintu byinshi akoresheje bike Yuda yari yaranditse nabyo byakumvikana. Gukoresha ibyo undi yanditse mu nyandiko za kera ni ibintu byari bimenyerewe. Urugero; benshi bemeza ko Pawulo yakoresheje indirimbo zo ha mbere ubwo yandikaga Abafilipi 2:6-11 na 1 Timoteyo 3:16.
Intego y’uru rwandiko
Nk’uko tubibona mu biri mu uru rwandiko, bigaragaza ko Petero yakiriye amakuru ko hari abigishabinyoma bateye itorero cyane cyane amatorero yo muri Asiya nto. Petero yabwiye abo yandikiraga ko abantu bameze gutyo bazaza bakwirakwiza inyigisho z’ibinyoma mu bandi (2 Petero 2:1), ababwira ko kuza kw’abo ari ibimenyetso by’iminsi y’imperuka (2 Petero 3:3). Maze Petero abasaba guhagarara bashikamye, ababwira n’uko bazahangana n’inyigisho z’ubwo buryo.
Amatorero yo muri Asiya nto ntiyari arimo guhangana n’itotezwa gusa nkuko twabibonye mu rwandiko rwa mbere rwa Petero, ahubwo yari yaranatewe ku buryo bukomeye n’inyigisho z’ubuyobe. Mu kubirwanya Petero yasobanuriye abantu akamaro ko kwiga no kwishingikiriza ku kugira ubumenyi nyakuri kuby’Imana. Kuri we iyi ngingo yo “kwiga ugasobanukirwa iby’Imana n’ibyanditswe” mu yandi magambo iyi ingingo yo “kumenya” yari ingenzi cyane ku buryo ijambo “kumenya” rigaragara inshuro zigera kuri 15 muri uru rwandiko rugufi mu mu buryo bumwe cyangwa ubundi
Imiterere y’iki gitabo
- intashyo (2 Petero 1:1-2)
- ibyerekeye ingeso za Gikiristo(2 Petero 1:3-11)
- intego y’ubutumwa bwa Petero (2 Petero 1:12-21)
- ibyerekeye abigisha b’ibinyoma (2 Petero ch. 2)
- ibyo kugaruka k’umwami Yesu (2 Petero 3:1-16)
- umusozo (2 Petero 3:17-18)
IBYINGENZI WAMENYA KUURI URU RWANDIKO
Ibyanditse muri uru rwandiko ni amagambo ya nyuma y’umurobyi (2 Petero 3:18)
- Umwanditsi : Petero intumwa ni we wanditse iki gitabo. Yahoze akora umwuga w’uburobyi (Luka 5:1-9), yavukanaga na Andereya (Yohana 1:40), akaba yari umuvugizi (spokesman) w’intumwa 12,
- Ibitabo yanditse : 1 Petero na 2 Petero
- Igihe yandikiye ibyo bitabo : yanditse igitabo cya 1 Petero mu mwaka wa 64 acyandikira i Babuloni. Yanditse igitabo cya 2 Petero mu mwaka wa 65 aho yacyandikiye ntihazwi gusa bikekwa ko zombi yazanditse ari ahantu hamwe.
- Impamvu yo kwandika:
- 1 Petero :gukomeza abera batotezwa
- 2 Petero : guhugura no gutanga imbuzi z’ahazaza ku bakiristo.
- Abandikiwe: abakiristo batataniye mu mahanga Yose
IBIHE BY’INGENZI
- Impuguro zo gukura mu kumenya Imana n’ijambo ry’Imana
- Ibyerekeye abigishabinyoma
- Isi ya kera , isi y’ubu , isi nshya.
ABANTU B’INGENZI
- Petero:umwanditsi w’uru rwandiko
- Nowa, wubatse inkuge tubona mu isezerano ry kera, bishushanya urubanza ruzabaho n’ibizaba ku banyabyaha banze kwihana, kuko abanze kwinjira mu nkuge ya Nowa n’abo barimbuwe n’amazi.
- Loti, mwishywa wa Aburahamu, nyirinkuru y’urugero rw’ibyisi tugomba kwibuza, gusiga no kureka.
- Balamu, umuhanuzi ugaragara mu isezerano rya kera, ushushanya abigisha b’ibinyoma.
- Pawulo, umwanditsi w’ibitabo 13 byo mu isezerano rishya, umwubwirizabutumwa, umumisiyoneri, intumwa ikomeye.
AHANTU H’INGENZI
- Umusozi wera: aha Petero yashakaga kuvuga umusozi Herumoni aho yesu yahindukiye, isura ye ikarabagirana (Matayo 17), Petero yakoresheje aha hantu ashaka kugaragaza gukomera ku ijambo n’ubutumwa bwiza babwirizaga.
- Sodomu na Gomora: yari imijyi ibinoneka mu isezerano rya kera, yabagamo ubwoko bwakoraga ibyaha cyane. Iyo mijyi yari iherereye mu bibayo by’inyanja y’umunyu. Petero yakoresheje iyo mijyi ashaka kugaragaza uko Imana yanga ibyaha urunuka, kuko yabarimbuje umuriro kuko banze kumvira.
- Isi ya Kera: isi ya mbere y’uko haba umwuzure. Isi yari yuzuyemo abantu banze kumvira imbuzi za Nowa z’uko hari hagiye gutera umwuzure.
- isi ya none: Isi y’iki gihe cyacu yuzuye abatizera banze kumva imbuzi z’uko hagiye kuzatera umuriro w’amazuku uzarimbura abatubaha Imana, banze kwizera Yesu Kristo.
- Ijuru n’Isi nshya: ibyo gukiranuka kuzabamo.
UMWIHARIKO W’IGITABO
- Uru ni rwo rwandiko intumwa imwe yifashishije ibyo indi ntumwa yavuze mu rundi rwandiko. Muri make Petero yifashishije inyandiko za Pawulo yandika uru rwandiko (2 Petero 3:15-16).
- Uru rwandiko rusa cyane n’urwandiko rwanditswe na Yuda. Mu mirongo 25 igize igitabo cya Yuda, 19 muri yo iboneka no mu rwandiko rwa kabiri rwa Petero mu buryo bumwe cyangwa ubundi.
- Ingingo nyamukuru y’urwandiko rwa mbere rwa Petero ni “imibabaro” mu gihe insanganyamatsiko y’urwandiko rwa kabiri yanditse ari “ kumenya rwose”. Iryo jambo rigaruka inshuro 16 muri uru rwandiko mu buryo bumwe cyangwa ubundi.
- Ni cyo gitabo cyonyine cyo muri Bibiliya gitangira kandi kigasoza kivuga umumaro wo kumenya Imana (2 Petero 1:3; 2 Petero 3:18).
- Uru rwandiko ni rwo rwandiko rwagiweho impaka nyinshi mu kurushyira aho ruri muri Bibiliya ubwo ibitabo bigize Bibiliya byakusanyirizwaga hamwe.
- Ijambo ry’ikigiriki risobanura “kuva” iryo muri Bibilya ya King James Version basobanura ngo ni “ukugenda” mu gihe muri Bibiliya Yera ryahinduwe ngo “ kujya gupfa” riboneka inshuro 2 gusa mu isezerano rishya
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- Riboneka Luka 9:31 muri rivuga ubwo Kristo yari agiye gupfa cyangwa se kugenda.
- No muri 2 Petero 1:15 aho rivuga ubwo Petero yari agiye gupfa cyangwa se kugenda
- Muri uru rwandiko niho tubona igice kinini kivuga ku bigisha b’ibinyoma kurusha ahandi hose mu isezerano rishya(2 Petero 2:1-3:4).
- Aha ni ho honyine tubona amagambo atanga ibyiringiro ku agakiza ka Loti (2 Petero 2:7-8).
- Aha muri uru rwandiko niho tubona inshamake isobanura ibizaba ahazaza ku ijuru n’isi bya none (2 Petero 3:10-12).
- Muri uru rwandiko niho tubona umwe mirongo ibiri gusa ivuga isezerano ry’uko hazabaho isi nshya n’ijuru rishya (2 Petero 3:13). Ahandi ribonenka ni mu Ibyahishuwe 21:1.
- Inzandiko 2 ari zo; urwandiko rwa kabiri rwa Petero n’urwandiko rwa kabiri rwa Timoteyo ni inzandiko zombi za nyuma ku banditsi bazo ( Petero na Pawulo) kandi bazanditse bazi neza ko bagiye kwicwa, kandi bose bazanditse bari muri gereza bategereje gupfa. Reka tuzigereranye dushingiye ku bazanditse ndetse n’ibirimo.
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- Pawulo yari intumwa y’ubutumwa bwiza ku banyamahanga mu gihe Petero yari intumwa y’ubutumwa bwiza ku bisiraheli (Abagalatiya 2:7-8).
- Bose bagize uruhare mu nama yabereye i Yerusalemu (Ibyakozwe 15)
- Buri umwe muri bo yakijije ikirema (Ibyakozwe 3:1-8 [Petero]; Ibyakozwe 14:8-12 [Pawulo]).
- Bose bahuye n’abakonikoni (intumwa za Satani cyangwa abahanuzi b’ibinyoma)
- Petero yahuye na Simoni w’umukonikoni w’i Samariya (Ibyakozwe 8:9-24)
- Pawulo yahuye na BaariYesu (Eluma) w’umukonikoni i Salamini ku kirwa cya Kupuro (Cyprus) (Ibyakozwe 13:5-11)
- Bose bavuye mu nzu z’imbohe mu buryo bw’ibitangaza
- Imana yohereje Malayika gukura Petero mu nzu y’imbohe (Ibyakozwe 12:5-10)
- Imana yakoresheje igishyitsi cyinshi (umutingito) ufungura Pawulo mu nzu y’imbohe (Ibyakozwe 16:25-29)
- Bombi bazuye abapfuye
- Petero yazuye Dorukasi (Ibyakozwe 9:40)
- Pawulo yazuye Utuko (Ibyakozwe 20:12).
- Bose babonye amayerekwa ababwira kujya kubwiriza izazimiye
- Petero yagize iyerekwa ubwo yari i Yopa (Ibyakozwe 10:9-23)
- Pawulo yagize iyerekwa ubwo yari I Tirowa (Ibyakozwe 16:8-10).
- Bombi ni abanditsi b’ibitabo byo mu isezerano rishya.
- Bose banditse amagambo avuga ku iyandikwa rya Bibiliya
- Pawulo yabivuze mu (2 Timoteyo 3:16, 17)
- Petero yabivuze mu (2 Petero 1:19-21).
- Bombi bari bazi ko bazicwa bahowe Imana
- Ubuhamya bwa Petero (2 Petero 1:13-14)
- Ubuhamya bwa Pawulo (2 Timoteyo 4:6-7)
- Buri umwe, Yesu yamwiyeretse ku giti cye (atari muri rusange) nyuma yo kuzuka
- Pawulo (Ibyakozwe 9:5)
- Petero (1 Abakorinto 15:5).
- Urwandiko rwa kabiri rwa Petero ni rwo ruvuga ububasha bw’ikirenga Imana ifite ku isi ya kera, isi ya none isi y’ahazaza (isi nshya)
- Isi ya kera – yarimbuwe n’amazi
- Isi ya none – izarimburwa n’umuriro
- Isi y’ahazaza (isi nshya) – izaremerwa guturwamo no gukiranuka.
- Iki ni nicyo gitabo cyonyine nyuma y’ibitabo bine by’ivanjiri kivuga uko Yesu yahindutse akarabagirana (2 Petero 1:16-18).
AMAZINA YA YESU MURI URU RWANDIKO
- Yesu Kristo (1:1a)
- Umukiza wacu (1:1b)
- Yesu Umwami (1:2)
- Umwami Yesu Krsito (1:8)
- Umwana w’Imana ikunda (1:17)
- Inyenyeri yo mu ruturuturu (1:19)
- Umwami (2:10)
- Umwami wacu n’umukiza (2:20)
Ibyo twifashishije twandika iyi nkuru
- Willmington, Harold, “Article 61: Second Peter at a Glance” (2017).The Owner’s Manual File. 51. (https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/owners_manual/) Retrieved 26 January 2021
- Book of 2nd Peter (https://www.biblestudytools.com/2-peter/) Retrieved 04 January 2021
- 2nd Peter (https://www.insight.org/resources/bible/the-general-epistles/second-peter) Retrieved 04 January 2020