Igitabo cy’Itangiriro: Isesengura ry’Ibyanditswe Byera n’icyo Abahanga babivugaho
Intangiriro y’isi n’ibisobanuro byayo
Igitabo cy’Itangiriro (Genesis mu Cyongereza), nicyo gitabo cya mbere mu Byanditswe Byera bya Bibiliya. Iki gitabo gikubiyemo inkuru y’iremwa ry’isi, inkomoko y’ikiremwamuntu, n’amateka y’ibanze y’abakurambere b’ubwoko bw’Abayahudi (abayuda), barimo Aburahamu, Isaka, Yakobo, na Yozefu. Abahanga mu by’amateka, abize ibijyanye n’iyobokamana n’abahanga mu bya tewolojiya, bamaze igihe kinini basesengura imiterere y’iki gitabo mu buryo bw’amateka, imyizerere n’ibimenyetso bibonekamo.
Igitabo cy’Itangiriro ntigifatwa gusa nk’inkuru y’amateka, ahubwo kigaragara nk’ikiganiro cyimbitse ku birebana n’umubano w’ikiremwamuntu n’Imana. Imyizerere ya kiyahudi, ya gikirisitu, n’iya kisilamu, yose ifata iki gitabo nk’ubutumwa buhamye, kandi usanga inyigisho zacyo zifitanye isano n’ibitekerezo by’ubuzima n’ubumuntu.
Isoko ry’igitabo cy’Itangiriro
Mu gusesengura itangiriro nuko inkuru zirimo zabonetse cyangwa zabayeho, hari uburyo bwinshi bwagiye bukoreshwa. Hari abashakashatsi bamwe bavuga ko bishoboka ko hari inyandiko zitandukanye zashyinguwe ahantu hatandukanye ariko zikaza gushyirwa hamwe zigakorwamo inyandiko imwe ariyo yaje kwitwa Itangiriro. Umuhanga Julius Wellhausen wanditse inyandiko zizwi nka “Documentary Hypothesis” avugamo ko igitabo cy’Itangiriro n’ibindi bitabo by’Isezerano rya Kera, bikomoka ku nyandiko enye zitandukanye (J, E, P, na D), zanditswe n’abanditsi kandi zigashyingurwa mu bihe bitandukanye, hanyuma zashyirwa hamwe zikagirana isano ikomeye.
Abandi bahanga, nka Richard Elliot Friedman, bemeza ko izo nyandiko zitandukanye zashyizwe hamwe nyuma kugira ngo habeho igitabo cy’Itangiriro cya nyuma. Ibi byari igikorwa cyari kigamije kurema isano y’ubutumwa bwa tewolojiya n’amateka y’ubwoko bwa Isiraheli.
Iremwa ry’isi n’ibimenyetso by’amateka
Itangiriro ni igitabo gishingiye ku nkuru y’irema n’iremwa ry’isi. Umurongo wa mbere uvuga uti: “Mu ntangiriro, Imana yaremye ijuru n’isi” (Itangiriro 1:1). Iyi nkuru isobanura ko Imana yaremye isi mu minsi itandatu ikikurikiza umunsi w’iruhuko.
Abahanga mu bumenyi bw’isi bagaragaje ko hari kwivuguruza mu kuremwa ku isi nk’uko biboneka mu itangiriro, ariko hari bamwe bagaragaza ko hari isano rikomeye hagati y’ubumenyi bwa siyansi n’ibyo Bibiliya ivuga. Abahanga b’ibinyabuzima n’abahanga mu masigaratongo (archeologues) bagaragaje ko isi n’ibinyabuzima byayo byateye imbere buhoro buhoro. Hari n’abahanga nka William Lane Craig, umu tewolojiya wamenyekanye cyane, wemeza ko harimo itandukaniro mu kuremwa ku isi nk’uko bibiliya ibivuga n’uko siyanse ibivuga.
Adam na Eva: Inkomoko y’ikiremwamuntu
Itangiriro 2:7 itanga inkuru y’iremwa ry’umuntu wa mbere, Adam, ivuga ko Imana yamuremye mu gitaka maze imuha umwuka w’ubuzima.
Eva, umugore wa mbere, yaremwe mu rubavu rwa Adam (Itangiriro 2:21-23). Inkuru y’iby’iremwa ry’aba bantu bombi isobanura inkomoko y’ikiremwamuntu ndetse ikanasobanura umubano ukomeye hagati y’umugabo n’umugore.
N’ubwo ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi bufata inkomoko y’ abantu nk’abavuye ku nyamaswa, hari abahanga, nka John H. Walton, wize ubushakashatsi bw’imyemerere, bashishikajwe n’ishusho y’irema mu rwego rwa tewolojiya n’imyizerere. Walton avuga ko inkuru y’irema rya Bibiliya ari inyigisho itanga ubutumwa bwo kumenya aho ikiremwamuntu gikomoka ndetse n’umubano wacyo n’Imana.
Ibyaha by’inkomoko n’ingorane byateye ku buzima bw’abantu
Igitabo cy’Intangiriro kinavuga ibyaha byakorewe mu busitani bwa Edeni n’ingorane byateje. Nyuma yo kurya urubuto rw’igiti cy’ubumenyi cyari cyarabujijwe n’Imana, Adamu na Eva babonye ko bambaye ubusa, maze bacibwa mu busitani bwa Edeni. “Kandi Uhoraho Imana yarababwiye ati ‘Ni nde wakubwiye ko wambaye ubusa? Wariye kuri cya giti nakubujije kuryaho?'” (Itangiriro 3:11). Iki cyaha cy’ibanze cyateye icyaha cy’inkomoko, gituma abantu bose bavukana icyaha, ari nayo mpamvu hagiye haba ibihano n’ingorane mu buzima bw’abantu bose.
Amateka n’imyizerere byagiye bigaragaza ko ingaruka z’icyaha cy’inkomoko ari nk’umugani ugamije gusobanura ibibazo bihari mu buzima bw’abantu, harimo urupfu, ububabare, n’ibindi bibazo by’ubuzima.
Umwuzure wa Nowa: Ibimenyetso n’ubushakashatsi
Inkuru y’umwuzure wa Nowa ni imwe mu nkuru z’igitabo cy’Itangiriro zifite isano n’inkuru zanditswe kandi zigashyingurwa mu bihugu bitandukanye byo muri iki gihe, cyane cyane mu Burasirazuba bwo hagati.
Iyi nkuru ivuga ko Imana yateje umwuzure mu isi yose kubera ububi bw’abantu. “Maze Imana ibwira Nowa iti: ‘Nanjye dore nzazana umwuzure w’amazi mu isi, urimbure ibifite umubiri byose, birimo umwuka w’ubugingo, ubitsembe hasi y’ijuru, ibiri mu isi byose bipfe’” (Itangiriro 6:17).
Abahanga nka Robert Ballard, umushakashatsi ku by’amazi, bagaragaje ko umwuzure ukomeye ushobora kuba warabayeho mu karere ka inyanja y’umukara mu myaka ibihumbi byashize. Nubwo nta bimenyetso bidasubirwaho bigaragaza umwuzure wabayeho ku rwego rw’isi, hari byinshi byagaragajwe ku bijyanye n’ahantu hatandukanye nk’imyuzure bita geological flooding.
Aburahamu: Isezerano n’Amateka
Igitabo cy’Itangiriro kinakubiyemo inkuru ya Aburahamu, umwe mu bakurambere b’ubwoko bw’Abayahudi, Abakirisitu, n’Abayisilamu. Imana yamuhaye isezerano, imubwira ko azaba umubyeyi w’imbaga y’amahanga nubwo yari afite imyaka myinshi n’umugore we Sarayi wari utarabyara. “Icyo gihe Uhoraho Imana yavuze kuri Aburahamu iti: ‘Zamuka ugende, uve mu gihugu cyawe ujye mu gihugu nzakwereka’” (Itangiriro 12:1).
Abahanga nka Gary A. Rendsburg, umushakashatsi k’ubwoko bw’Abayahudi, basesenguye ko isano hagati ya Aburahamu n’isezerano ry’Imana bigaragaza uko abakurambere bagendaga biyubakira imyizerere ndetse n’ibyiciro by’ubuzima bushingiye ku bushake bw’Imana.
Yakobo na Esawu: Inkomoko y’Abisiraheli
Inkuru ya Yakobo na Esawu ivuga amateka y’abavandimwe bashakaga umugisha wa se Isaka, aho Yakobo yitwaje ibinyoma kugira ngo awubone. Umugisha wa Yakobo ni umwe mu migambi y’Imana, kuko wagize uruhare mu guhamya isano n’inkomoko y’ubwoko bwa Isiraheli. Igitabo cy’Itangiriro 25:23 kivuga ngo: “Uwiteka aramusubiza ati “Inda yawe irimo amahanga abiri, Amoko abiri azatandukana, Ahereye igihe azavira mu mara yawe. Ubwoko bumwe buzarusha ubundi amaboko, Umukuru azaba umugaragu w’umuto.’”
Iyi nkuru igaragaza uburyo Imana ishaka ko umugambi wayo uhora wubahirizwa, n’ubwo abantu baba bafite imitekerereze itandukanye.
Imiryango 12 ya Yakobo: Isano n’Abisiraheli
Yakobo yagize abana 12, bose bagize isoko cyangwa inkomoko y’imiryango 12 y’ubwoko bwa Isiraheli. Umwana muto Yozefu, wagiranye ibibazo n’abavandimwe be bitewe n’inzozi yahanuraga, ni we witwaye neza mu mibereho nyuma yo kugurishwa n’abavandimwe mu Misiri. “Yozefu arongera arababwira ati: ‘None ntimubabare, ntimwirakaririre yuko mwanguze ngo nzanwe ino, kuko Imana ari yo yatumye mbabanziriza ngo nkize ubugingo bw’abantu.’” (Itangiriro 45:5). Iyi nkuru yerekana uburyo Imana ikoresha ibintu byose, ndetse n’ibibi, kugira ngo igere ku mugambi wayo ku bwoko bwayo.
Uko abantu bafata Itangiriro muri iki gihe
Kugeza ubu, inyigisho z’igitabo cy’Itangiriro ziracyakoreshwa mu myemerere ya gikirisitu, ya kiyahudi, n’iya kisilamu. Igitabo gishingiye ku kwizera kw’isezerano Imana yagiranye n’abakurambere, kandi gishyira imbere isano yihariye hagati y’Imana n’abantu.
Ibi byose bigaragaza uburyo ubumenyi bwa none, ubushakashatsi bw’amateka, n’imyizerere bihuriza hamwe mu gusobanura igitabo cy’Itangiriro no gukomeza gusesengura iki gitabo kigaragaza isano ikomeye hagati y’ibyanditswe byera n’imibereho y’abantu mu bihe byose.
