Mu kinyejana cya 20 twashoje, umuhanga wamenyekanye cyane mu bijyanye n’ibinyabuzima Charles Darwin yakoze ibikorwa bidasanzwe byatumye abantu bashidikanya ku gikorwa cy’irema ndetse no ku zindi nkuru zitandukanye zivugwa na Bibiliya. Mu gihe kimwe n’icye, undi muhanga uzwi na benshi ku izina rya Karl Marx yashizeho ibitekerezo bizwi nka Materialism aho mu buryo butandukanye yerekanaga ko ibintu byose byahozeho kandi ko nta muremyi wabayeho.
Ibi byatumye abantu batandukanye bamwumvaga bakanakurikira ibitekerezo bye batangira kwibaza ku nkuru yo kurema ivugwa mu gitabo cya mbere cya Bibiliya cy’Itangiriro. Abatari bake mu bice bitandukanye by’isi batangiye kuyanga, bashidikanya ibiyanditsemo ndetse mu bice bimwe na bimwe batangiye kuyica no kuyitwika kandi iyi myumvire kugeza uyu munsi iracyahari. Bavugaga ko Bibiliya yuzuye inkuru z’impimbano kandi zitigeze kubaho bakemeza ko ari igitabo cyanditswe vuba cyane kurusha uko bivugwa n’abigisha benshi bavuga ko yabayeho mu myaka myinshi cyane ishize.
Ni cyo cyatumye abahanga mu mateka bakurikirana nyinshi mu nkuru zivugwa na Bibiliya bashaka kumenya ukuri kubivugwa nayo kandi hari byinshi byavumbuwe mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe mu bihe bitandukanye. Muri iyi nkuru mureke turebe bimwe mu byavumbuwe ku mwuzure uvugwa cyane mu gitabo cy’Itangiriro (Itangiriro 7:17-24).
Imwe mu nkuru zitavugwaho rumwe kurusha izindi mu zo Bibiliya ivuga ni umwuzure wo mu gihe cya Nowa. Mu kinyejana cyashize cya 20, wafashwe nk’inkuru mpimbano yuzuye ibinyoma kurusha izindi zose zivugwa na Bibiliya. Ariko mu bihe bitari bimwe ni ukuvuga ibihe bya kera ndetse n’ibya vuba, ubusesenguzi butandukanye bushingiye ku mateka n’ubusigaratongo (History and Archeological Review) bwagaragaje ko umwuzure wabayeho kandi henshi ku isi havumbuwe bimwe mu bimenyetso byo kubaho kwawo ahandi hagaragara ibikekwaho kuba ingaruka zawo.
Kimwe mu bintu bitangaje byavumbuwe ni inyandiko za kera cyane zari zanditwe ku ma meza y’ibumba kandi izi nyandiko zashyizwe mu zindi ndimi na George ukora mu nzu ndangamurage y’ubwongereza mu mwaka w’1872. Izi nyandiko zisobanura neza intambwe ku ntambwe uburyo umwuzure warimbuye isi kandi zikavuga ku buryo busobanutse amwe mu mateka ya Babuloni ya kera. Iby’umwuzure byongeye kuvugwa mu nyandiko zasanzwe kuri Sumerian Tablets ziherutse kuvumburwa mu minsi ya vuba. Aha naho hongeye gusangwa ubusobanuro burambuye ku mwuzure umaze imyaka myinshi wibasiye isi.
Nonese ni iki muri ibyo nyose kivuga neza ibijyanye n’umwuzure? Biroroshye kubisubiza. Professor Gleason Archer umwe mu bakurikiriye hafi izi nyandiko avuga ko itandukaniro hagati yazo n’ibivugwa mu gitabo cy’itangiriro ari rinini kuburyo umuntu atavuga ko inyandiko imwe yaba yaranditswe hagendewe ku yindi. Yavuze ko itandukaniro ryigaragaza mu myandikire kuko hari aho abanditsi b’inyandiko za kera bashyiramo ibigirwamana byo muri Babuloni nk’isoko yo gukomera ibintu bitarangwa muri Bibiliya. Akomeza avuga ko Bibiliya ibisobanura mu buryo bwumvikana kurusha indi nyandiko iyo ariyo yose.
Izi nyandiko za kera ntabwo ari zo gusa zihamya ukubaho k’umwuzure uvugwa na Bibiliya. Umunyamateka uzwi cyane Aaron Smith yavuzweho kumenya no kwandika inkuru nyinshi z’imyuzure itandukanye yabaye kuri iyi si. Yabashije kwandika inkuru zirenga ibihumbi mirongo inani (80000) mu ndimi zirenga mirongo irindwi n’ebyiri kandi nawe yemeje ko habayeho umwuzure udasanzwe wibasiye isi yose. Akomeza avuga ko ariwo mwuzure rukumbi wafashe isi yose kandi ukangiza ibintu byinshi mu gihe kirenze iminsi irindwi (Werner Keller, The Bible as History, 1980, p.38)
Niba umwuzure wo kwa Nowa warabaye uwo kwangiza agace gato k’isi nk’uko bivugwa na bamwe mu bahakana igitekerezo kivuga umwuzure, ntabwo byari gushoboka kuwusanga mu mitwe y’abantu hafi ya bose batuye iyi si. Umunyamateka umwe yaravuze ati “Abasumeriyane, Abanyababuloni n’Abasiriya bo muri Mesopotamiya bagizweho ingaruka n’umwuzure kimwe n’Abaheburayo kubera ko bari batuye hafi yaho dukeka ko Nowa yari atuye, ariko se ni iki twavuga ku Abahindu, Abashinwa, abanya Hawayi, abahinde n’aba Manabozho? Abo bose bemera ko ikiremwa muntu muri rusange cyashegeshwe mu buryo bukomeye kinarimburwa n’umwuzure kandi bo bemeza ko byabaye ku rwego rw’isi yose nk’ingaruka yo gucumura gukabije kwakozwe n’abantu bo muri icyo gihe.
Bavuga kandi ko umugabo umwe n’umuryango we cyangwa abantu bacye cyane barokotse icyo cyago hakoreshejwe ubwato kandi ibi byose bavuga babishingira ku mateka y’ibihugu byabo bitandukanye. Ibi n’ibindi tutabashije kuvuga muri iyi nkuru byose byongera kugaragaza ko amateka avugwa na Bibiliya ari ayo kwizerwa kandi twongera kwerekwa ko nta gitabo cy’uzuye ukuri n’ubwenge mva juru umuntu yigeze gutunga nka Bibiliya. Mu nkuru zitaha tuzakomeza tureba ibindi bintu bitandukanye byavumbuwe byose bihamya ukutibeshya kwa Bibiliya.
Murakoze.
Ibyo twifashishije twandika iyi nkuru:
- Werner Keller, The Bible as History, 1980, p.38
- Bible society of Rwanda (2001). Bibiliya yera mu Kinyarwanda ( igitabo cy’Itangiriro)
- BAS editors (May 17, 2019) Noah and the Flood – Biblical Archaeology Society https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/
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