Ubutumwa bwiza uko bwanditswe na Mariko ni igitabo cya kabiri mu bitabo bine bivuga inkuru ya Yesu aribyo twita ibitabo by’ivanjili. Igitabo cya Mariko hamwe n’igitabo cya Matayo na Luka ni ibitabo byitwa “Synoptic Gospel” kuko bihurira ku nkuru nyinshi ndetse bikajya gusa. Iki gitabo kitubwira inkuru y’ubuzima bwa Yesu uhereye abatizwa na Yohana kugeza apfuye, guhambwa no kuboneka kw’imva ye irimo ubusa. Nta nkuru y’ivuka ry’agatangaza rya Yesu, cyangwa, inkuru ivuga uburyo Yesu yaje mu isi avuye ijuru, cyangwa inkuru itubwira uko Yesu yiyeretse abigishwa nyuma yo kuzuka igaragara muri iki gitabo. Iki gitabo kivuga Yesu nk’umugabo w’umunyabigwi, wirukana abadayimoni mu bantu, ukiza indwara zananiranye, ukora ibitangaza bikomeye cyane. Ibyanditswe muri Mariko, mirongo icyenda ku ijana biboneka mu gitabo cya Matayo, mu gihe ibirenga mirongo itanu ku ijana biboneka mu gitabo cya Luka.
Umwanditsi w’igitabo cya Mariko ninde?
Umwanditsi w’igitabo cya Mariko ntazwi neza, gusa inyandiko nyinshi zivuga iki gitabo cyanditswe na Yohana wahimbwe Mariko (Ibyakozwe 12:12)
Uwo Mariko akaba yaragendanaga na Petero cyane ndetse akaba yari n’umwanditsi we (1 Petero 5:13)
Uyu Mariko yigeze guteza impaka nyinshi hagati ya Pawulo na Barinaba ndetse bituma Pawulo na Barinaba batandukana nk’uko tubibona mu Ibyakozwe 15:36-38
Ariko igishimishije ni uko bigaragara ko Pawulo yageze aho akamubabarira ndetse bakongera gukorana umurimo nk’uko tubibona muri 2 Timoteyo 4:11
Uyu Mariko yari mwene se wabo wa Barinaba. Bivuze ko se wa Barinaba na se wa Mariko bavukanaga. Ibyo tubisanga mu Abakolosayi 4:10
Yohana ni izina rye ry’igiheraburayi cyangwa rya kiyahudi, mu gihe Marikusi (Marcus) cyangwa se Mariko ari izina ry’ikiromani. Uyu Mariko ntabwo abarirwa mu bigishwa cumi na babili ba Yesu, gusa hari inyandiko zivuga ko yari muri za ntumwa mirongo irindwi.
Uyu Mariko yavukiye i Yerusalemu ndetse mu gihe cya Yesu yari umwana w’umuhungu muto cyane. Ndetse bivugwa ko ariwe musore washatse kugukurira Yesu igihe bamufataga (Mariko 14:51).
Nk’umusore wari ukiri muto yakurikiye Pawulo na Barinaba ubwo bari mu murimo w’ivugabutumwa mu rugendo rwa mbere rwo kuvuga ubutumwa (Ibyakozwe 13:13)
Nyuma yaho Mariko yaje kuba umwe mu bafashaga Pawulo igihe bose bari i Roma (Abakolosayi 4:10)
Ibihamya neza ko uwo Yohana wahimbwe Mariko ni inyandiko ya Eusebius umunyamateka wabayeho mu kinyejana cya kabiri. Uwo munyamateka yanditse igitabo asubiramo Papias (umushumba w’itorero wanditse mu mwaka w’110 nyuma y’ivuka rya Yesu) aho agira ati “Mariko yari umusemuzi wa Petero, wandikaga inkuru zose Petero yavugaga kuri Yesu, n’ibyo Yesu yakoze byose”. Kubana na Petero byamuhaye amahirwe yo kwandika inkuru z’ibyo Yesu yakoze ubwo Petero yabaga arimo kubivuga abwiriza ubutumwa bwiza i Roma. Bisobanuye inkuru ziri mu gitabo cya Mariko ari inkuru ziviriye mu kanwa k’umwe mu bigishwa ba Yesu, abo Yesu yakoze ibintu byose bahibereye amaso ku maso.
Igihe igitabo cyandikiwe
Hashize igihe kinini abantu benshi batekereza ko iki gitabo cyaba cyaranditswe nyuma w’umwaka wa 70. Abenshi bagihaga agaciro gake, bavuga ko igitabo cya Matayo ari cyo gitabo cyuzuye gifite ubutumwa bw’ingenzi. Ariko mu kinyejana cya 19 nibwo byaje kugaragara ko iki gitabo aricyo cyanditswe mbere y’ibindi byose.
Kuko twabivuze hejuru ibyanditswe mu gitabo cya Mariko ni inkuru zavugwaga na Petero zikandikwa na Mariko ubwo bose bari i Roma. Bivugwa ko Pawulo na Petero bishwe na Nero hagati y’umwaka wa 64 A.D na 67 A.D, bikavugwa na Mariko yapfuye nyuma gato y’urupfu rwa Petero. Bigaragara ko muri iyo myaka ariho Mariko yanditse iki gitabo.
Iki gitabo cyari cyandikiwe bande?
Bidashidikanywaho ba nyiri ukubwirwa bari abanyamahanga by’umwihariko abari barakiriye agakiza b’i Roma. Ibihamya ibyo ni uko umwanditsi yageragezaga guhindura cyangwa gusobanura amagambo ayakura mu rurimi rw’ikinyarameya cyangwa igiheburayo. Bivuze abo yandikiraga ntibari abasirayeli cyangwa abayuda aho izo ndimi zakoreshwaga (Mariko 5:41)
Ikindi gihamya ni uko umwanditsi yageragezaga gusobanura imico n’imigenzo y’abayuda nko kujabika intoki, ibikombe, inzabya z’imiringa. Abayuda aribo yandikiraga, ntibyari ngombwa gusobanura ibyo (Mariko 7:3-4)
Izindi ngero z’iyo migenzo wazisanga murI mariko 3:17; Mariko 7:11; Mariko 7:34; Mariko 14:12; Mariko 15:22, Mariko 15:34; Mariko 15:42
Ibindi bihamya ni ikoreshwa ry’amagambo y’ikilatini ndetse n’inyito zakoreshwaga i Roma yandika kandi igitabo cy’umwimerere cyanditse mu kigiriki (Mariko 5:9; Mariko 12:15; Mariko 12:42; Mariko 15:16; Mariko 15:39) nabyo bigaragaza ko abo yandikiraga ari ab’i Roma (Mariko 12:12)
Ni ibiki bikubiye muri iki gitabo
Nyuma yo kwandika icyo twafata nk’ijambo ry’ibanze (Mariko 1:1:-13), hakurikiraho Yesu avuga ubutumwa bwiza muri Galilaya no mu duce twari tuhakikije (Mariko 1:14; Mariko 8:26), urugendo rwe ajya i Yerusalemu (Mariko 11 kugeza Mariko 13), kubabazwa n’urupfu rwe (Mariko 14 kugeza Mariko 15) no kuzuka kwe (Mariko 16). Igice cya nyuma (Mariko 16:9-20) hari Bibiliya ushobora kutagisangamo cyane cyane izasohotse kera. Abahanga mu bya Bibiliya benshi bavuga ko icyo gice kitanditswe na Mariko ahubwo bacyongeyemo ngo inkuru ibe yuzuye harimo no kuzuka kwa Yesu.
Igitabo cya Mariko akensi cyibanda ku byo Yesu yakoze, imbaraga no gukomera kwe n’umuhate yari afite wo kwirukana abadayimoni no kubohoza ubugingo bafashe. Mariko kandi yibanze ku rugendo rw’imibabaro, kugambanirwa, kwica amanitswe n’ibindi byose yanyuzemo (The passion of Jesus Christ) ngo aducungure. Ni yo mpamvu inkuru za Yesu zo gupfira abantu yazitangiye kare cyane mu gitabo cye, mu gice cya munani, agafata na kimwe cya gatatu cy’igitabo (Mariko 11 kugeza Mariko 16) cyose akagiharira icyumweru cya nyuma cy’ubuzima bwa Yesu.
Guhisha ko Yesu ari Kiristo
Mu bintu bitangaza benshi ni uko mu butumwa bwiza uko bwanditswe na Mariko uzasanga inshuro nyinshi Yesu yarabujije abigishwa be cyangwa abamukurikiye guhishurira abandi bantu bose ko ari we Mesiya, kwari ukugira ngo imbaraga z’Imana zimukoreramo abe ari zo zivugira. Yesu ubwe yiyitaga umwana w’umuntu (Mariko 14:41)
Mu Mariko 8:27-30 tuhasanga inkuru ivuga uko Petero yahishuirwe n’umwuka wera ko Yesu ariwe Kristo cyangwa Mesiya, nyamara tubona ko Yesu yakomeje kubwira abantu ko bagomba kubihisha.
Mariko yibanze cyane mu kugaragaza Yesu nk’umukozi
Muri Mariko tuhasanga inkuru nyinshi z’ibitangaza Yesu yakoze. Muri Mariko honyine handitsemo ibitangaza no gukiza abantu indwara zananiranye makumyabiri na bibiri (22). Ibyo bigize kimwe cya gatatu cy’igitabo cyose, bigafata kimwe cya kabiri cy’ibice icumi bibanza byose. Bibiri mu bitangaza bigaraga muri iki gitabo nta handi wabisanga.
Ibyo twifashishije twandika iyi inkuru
- Adeyemo, Tokunboh. African bible commentary. Zondervan, 2016
- “Gospel according to Mark”. Encyclopedias Britannica
- The bible. Bibiliya yera, 1993
Umugenzi ujya mu ijuru.
"We believers, we're Princes of heaven"
