Ubwami bukomeye bwa Babuloni, bwatangiye kuvumburwa hagati mu mwaka wa 1899 na 1917 n’ikipe y’abahanga b’Abadage bayobowe na Dr. Robert Koldewey. Koldewey yari umuvumbuzi wo kurwego rwo hejuru, kandi yabaye umwe mu bavumbuzi bakoze inyigo ku matafari ya kera cyane akekwaho kuba yari yubatse ubwami bwa Babuloni. Mu bucukuzi budasanzwe bwakozwe, babashije kuvumbura byinshi mu byabayeho mu gihe ubwami bwa Babuloni bwari bufite umuvuduko udasanzwe (mu kinyejana cya 6 mbere ya Kristo).
Amatafari ari i Berlin asobanura iki?
Menshi mu matafari yari afite ibara ry’ubururu bayajyanye i Berlin aho yongeye kwitabwaho ashyirwa mu nzu ndangamurage ya Berlin. Nyamara Babuloni bwari ubwami bukomeye ndetse ibyayo ntibyamenyekanira gusa mu busigaratongo, ni ahantu habitse amateka menshi kandi hakomeje gutera amatsiko benshi. Mu nkuru ivugwa na Bibiliya, Babuloni ivugwa bwa mbere mu gitabo cy’itangiriro igice cya 9, hano abakomotse kuri Nowa bize gukora amatafari mu buryo bwa gihanga maze bubaka umujyi wagombaga kugera mu ijuru. Tubwirwa ko Imana yahagaritse iki gikorwa inyuranyije indimi z’abo, mu ntangiriro bavugaga ururimi rumwe ariko baza kwisanga bavuga indimi zitandukanye bituma umujyi wa Babeli utabasha gukomeza kubakwa.
Babeli ivugwa aha, benshi bakeka ko ishobora kuba iri muri Babuloni kandi iyi nzu yaje gusenywa, abashakashatsi benshi bamenye ko ari Ziggurat yabonewe ibisigazwa muri Irake. Ubwo rero bituma bikekwa ko iki gice cya 9 cy’itangiriro gikomoza ku bwenge bwagizwe n’abanyababuloni mu bihe bya kera nko mu kinyejana cya 6 mbere ya Kristo.
Ubwami bwa Babuloni buhuriye he na Isiraheli?
Babuloni ni umutima w’amateka y’igihugu cya Isiraheli cyane cyane mu mwaka wa 597 no mu mwaka wa 587 aho Abayuda banyazwe na Nebukadinezari bakajyanywa mu minyago i Babuloni. Nyuma y’ibyo, ubwami bwa Babuloni bwaje gufatwa na Kuro w’umuperesi mu mwaka wa 539 mbere ya Kristo. Kuro yatekereje ko abantu bose bari baranyazwe na Babuloni bari mu byago birenze ibyo umuntu yakwihanganira, maze ahitamo kubarekura bose ibintu byatumye Abayahudi benshi basubira i Yerusalemu aho bubatse urusengero rwa kabiri. Iyi nkuru yose ivugwa mu gitabo cya 2 cy’Abami, igitabo cya 2 cy’ibyo ku ngoma ndetse no muri Yeremiya, inkuru ikarangirira mu gitabo cya Ezira.
N’ubwo Bibiliya idatanga ubusobanuro burambuye kuri iyi nkuru, Amateka atandukanye ndetse n’ubusigaratongo birushaho kwemeza no gusobanura ubu bwami. Ahandi hantu ha vuba Bibiliya igaruka kuri Babuloni mu buryo butangaje, ni mu gitabo cy’ibyahishuwe aho igereranwa na Roma nk’ikimenyetso cy’inyamaswa. Abagiriki bakomeje imirimo ikomeye yatumye ibya Babuloni birushaho gusobanuka, muri ubu buryo bagerageje kwerekana ibice bitandukanye byafatwa nka Babuloni ya kera. Uwa mbere kandi uzwi cyane ni umunyamateka Herodotus, ibyinshi yavuze kuri ubu bwami bukomeye byongeye kwigwaho ndetse byemezwa n’abahanga batandukanye.
Abashakashatsi byabanje kubayobera ibya Babuloni
Ubuvumbuzi bwa vuba bwemeranyijwe nawe ku ngingo zitandukanye ariko hari bike byagaraye ko atari yarabivuzeho. Hari aho atabashije kuvuga ku mirima y’indabyo yabaga muri Babuloni yaje kuvugwa n’abanditsi baje mu bihe bya nyuma ye nka Ctesias wakoze inyandiko kuri Babuloni ikabura ariko hakabikwa bimwe mu bice byayo. Inkuru yaryoheye benshi muri izo zose n’ivuga Berossus wabaye umutambyi ukomeye w’ibigirwamana by’i Babuloni, uyu mugabo yabayeho mu mwaka wa 300 mbere ya Kristo igihe ameza yandikwagaho iby’icyo gihe kandi n’uyu munsi biracyabasha gusomwa. Byinshi muri byo byaranditswe kandi aha turavuga bike muri byo.
Mu gihe cy’ingoma y Roma, ahahoze ingoma yak era ya Babuloni hari haramaze gusimburwa n’umujyi wa Baghdad wari uherereye muri metero nke ugana mu majyaruguru. Habayeho impinduka nyinshi zatumye uyu mugi wimurirwa muri iki gice cyari gikungahaye cyane kandi ibyo byose byakozwe mu gihe bita middle ages bitangizwa ku mugaragaro na Marco-polo. Nyamara ubwo abashakashatsi ba mbere batangiraga gukora inyigo kuri Mesopotamiya, ntabwo babashaga gusobanukirwa aho Babuloni nyirizina yari iherereye.
Byatumye ahantu hambere bakoreye ubushakashatsi haba mu mujyi wa Nineve. Umuhanga mu by’ubusigaratongo n’amateka w’umwongereza witwa Dr Layard niwe wafashe iyambere mu gukora ubu bushakashatsi mu kinyejana cya 19. Kimwe n’umufaransa wamukurikiye mu gukora ubu bushakashatsi, bose hari ibyo bagezeho ariko ntabwo byari bisobanutse ku buryo byemewe nk’ubushakashatsi bwakwizerwa. Byatumye nyuma y’imyaka 50, itsinda ry’inzobere z’abadage zitangiza ubundi bushakashatsi budasanzwe kuri Babuloni. Kandi byatumye haboneka amakuru yizewe kuri ubu bwami bw’igihangange bwayoboye isi.
Babuloni mu byukuri yari iherereye hehe?
Mu mwaka w’1902 ubwo ubushakashatsi bwari burangiye, Dr Friedrich Delitztsch yatanze ikiganiro kirambuye anandika igitabo byose bisobanura neza ibyavumbuwe kuri Babuloni. Muri ibi bitabo yanditse byose yagerageje kwerekana ko ibyavumbuwe bitandukanye hari aho bihuriye n’inkuru zivugwa muri Bibiliya. Mu bushakashatsi bakoze bavumbuye ko uyu munsi Babuloni iherereye mu gihugu cya Irake, nyamara Irake yose ntabwo yafatwa nka Babuloni kuku kugirango ibeho habayeho guhuza intara 3 zo mu bwami bwaba Ottoman arizo Basra,Bagdad na Mosul, bavuga ko intara ya Mosul ishobora kuba ariyo yari yubatsweho imirwa mikuru ya Babuloni. Umuntu ashatse kumenya umuyobozi wagerageje kongera kubaka ubwami bwa Babuloni, yasanga ari Saddam hussen wahoze witwa Ba’athist kandi iri zina rifite inkomoko ya hafi mu bami ba kera ba Siriya na Babuloni.
Saddam yakoze uko ashoboye kugirango yongere kubaka ubu bwami k’uburyo yatakaje amafaranga atarakoreshejwe n’undi mwami uwo ariwe wese mu gihe cya Antiquite. Yubatse inzu zikomeye mu mujyi wa Bagdad, yongera imisigiti hafi ya yose yo muri ibyo bice, azwi cyane kandi ku bitwaro bya kirimbuzi byateye ubwoba amahanga yose ariko ntiyabashije kubaka no kugarura icyubahiro n’ubudahangarwa igihugu cya Babuloni cyahoranye. Mu nkuru zitaha tuzasesengura iby’ubundi bwami bwakurikiye Babuloni.
Murakoze
Ibyo twifashishije dutegura iyi nkuru:
- Michael Seymour (18 feb 2015). Legend History and the ancient city Babylon, Iraq p.263
Imirongo y’ibyanditswe byera yifashishijwe:
- 2 Abami 1, 2 Ngoma 1 , Yeremiya 1, Ezira 1
Wellars MVUYEKURE ni umunyeshuri muri Kaminuza y'u Rwanda ishami ry'ubuvuzi n'ubumenyamuntu. Ni umukristo watangiye urugendo rujya mu ijuru, yasomye kandi akurikirira hafi amateka avugwa na Bibiliya. Mwandikire cyangwa umuhamagare kuri 0788745884 niba hari icyo udasobanukiwe.
